Table 1.

Metabolic phenotypes of hypothalamic primary cilia dysfunction.

Gene	Mutation	Target area	Metabolic phenotype	Ref.
Structural defect
Ift88 (Tg737)	CAGG-creER::Ift88loxP	Global KO	Hyperphagic-induced obesity, hyperleptinemia, hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia	[9]
	Syn1-cre::Ift88loxP	Neurons	Hyperphagia-induced obesity, hyperleptinemia, hyperglycemia	[9, 64]
	POMC-cre::Ift88loxP	POMC neurons
	POMC-creER::Ift88loxP		No change	[64]
	LepRb-cre::Ift88loxP	LepRb-expressing neurons	Mild obesity, decreased energy expenditure, minimal leptin resistance	[62]
	SF1-cre::Ift88loxP	SF-1 neurons	Obesity, decreased energy expenditure, leptin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, high bone density	[41]
Kif3a	CAGG-creER::Kif3aloxP	Global KO	Hyperphagic-induced obesity, hyperleptinemia, hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia	[9, 64]
	POMC-cre::Kif3aloxP	POMC neurons
Functional defect
Adcy3	Adcy3null/null	Global KO	Obesity, insulin resistance	[57]
	AAV-Cre::Adcy3loxP	VMH	Obesity, hyperphagia	[77] [62]
Bbs1	Nestin-cre::Bbs1loxP	CNS	Obesity, hyperphagia
	LepRb-cre::Bbs1loxP	LepRb-expressing neurons	Obesity, hyperphagia, decreased energy expenditure, leptin resistance
	POMC-cre::Bbs1loxP	POMC neurons	Obesity, hyperphagia, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance	[70]
	AgRP-cre::Bbs1loxP	AgRP neurons	Obesity, hyperinsulinemia
Bbs2, Bbs4, Bbs6	Bbs2null/null, Bbs4null/null, and Bbs6 null/null	Global KO	Obesity, hyperphagia, hypertension, leptin resistance	[69]
Mc4r	SIM1-cre::Mc4rpPro230Leu	Sim1 neurons	Obesity	[75]
GPR88	SIM1-cre::AAV-GPR88*	Sim1 neurons	Obesity

*G protein-coupled receptor 88