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Sunderland Classification of nerve injuries.
| Seddon type | Grade | Structures injured | Key features | Management |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neuropraxia | 1 | Demyelination/conduction defect | Normal | Conservative |
| Axonotmesis | 2 | Axonal loss | Diffuse swelling | |
| 3 | Endoneurium | Intact but edematous fascicles | Slow & incomplete recovery; surgery may be needed, especially to relieve external compression | |
| 4 | Perineurium | Fascicular discontinuity (Neuroma-in-continuity) | Surgery | |
| Neurotmesis | 5 | Epineurium | Nerve transection with end-bulb neuromas |
