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. 2021 Aug 3;11:15703. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-94866-2

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Dunes of TVI. (A) General location of Taal Volcano Island. The area within the dashed lines is the Macolod Corridor, a 40-km-wide rift zone⁶⁵. (B) Distribution of the 2020 base surge dunes. Circles refer to upper slope, middle slope, and lower slope boundaries. Areas with dune forms identified through satellite imagery are in red. Field validation was done in the southeast flank (yellow portion of map). K3 and ASTI (“Philippine Copyright 2021 by DOST-ASTI”, includes material (c) KARI 2021, Distribution (SI Imaging Services, Republic of Korea), all rights reserved. (C) Photograph of the dune field. (D) Digital Surface Model of school overwhelmed by base surges. Sinuous dunes and runup of the base surge also occur inside the classrooms. (E) Plan view image of dunes showing elongate and lunate dunes. Bifurcation of dunes is also shown.