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. 2021 Aug 3;11:15722. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-94495-9

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Hyper-reflective capillaries and vessels. (1.1) Left eye of a 7-month old male CM patient on admission. (A) HH-OCT B-scan showing hyper-reflective dots corresponding to locations of capillaries (green, blue and orange arrows: superficial, intermediate and deep capillary plexus); (B) En-face OCT displays no visible change; (yellow line: location of the OCT B-scan in the image (A)). (C) Fundus photo; dashed line and square correspond to (A, B); (D) Representative retinal cross-section histology from a different fatal patient showing capillaries and venules affected by parasite sequestration (black arrows: intense sequestration; arrowheads: low or no sequestration); Reprinted with permission²⁵; (E) Schematic representation of superficial, intermediate and deep capillary plexus collocated to capillaries filled with pRBCs on OCT in (A). Reprinted with permission²⁴; (F) Fundus fluorescein angiography (FA) shows perfusion deficits of capillaries (blue arrows) corresponding to parasitized vessels on OCT in the same location of (1.1.A). (1.2) Left eye of a 42-month old male CM patient on admission. (A) Hyper-reflective vessel (blue arrow) corresponding to localization of vessel on fundus photo and FA (not shown) with hyper-reflective lumen (red arrow); and (B) Hyper-reflective vessels (blue arrows) with hypo-reflective lumina (yellow arrows) on OCT B-scans; (C) En-face OCT (yellow line: location of OCT B-scan in B, blue arrows: vessels shown in (B); (D) Representative retinal cross-section histology showing pRBCs in venules from a different fatal patient (red arrow shows vessels with pRBCs filling the lumen; yellow arrow shows a vessel where pRBCs cytoadhere to the vessel wall with red blood cells without parasites in the center of the vessel (similar to hypo-reflective lumina of blood vessels in (1.2.B); (E) Fundus fluorescein angiography and (F) Fundus photo corresponding to OCT in (1.2.B) (blue arrows corresponding to vessels in the image (B); dashed line and square correspond to (B, C).