TABLE 1.

Pharmacological targets to ameliorate mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation.

Protein/Gene	Biological target	Targeted pathway	Scientific evidence	References
HIF-1α	Nucleus	Hypoxic response	Hypoxia preconditioniong rescue RGC during glaucoma	Gidday et al. (2015)
KATP channel	Membrane	Metabolic function	KATP blockers reduced IL-1β release; KATP opener protected RGCs from ischemic damage	Watanabe et al. (2020)
HCAR1	Mitochondria	l-lactate receptor	Ketogenic diet stimulates HCAR1 to inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome in glaucoma	Harun-or-Rashid and Inman, (2018)
AMPK	Cytosol	Energy sensor protein kinase	Ketogenic diet reduced metabolic vulnerability and AMPK-induceds inflammation	Harun-or-Rashid and Inman, (2018)
cGAS	Interferon in cytosol	STING pathway	Detects leaked mtDNA	Sintim et al. (2019)
Aβ	Cytosol, mitochondria	Biomarker of neurodegeneration, impaired clearance	Accumulates in mitochondria cristae, blocks function; induces pro-inflamatory cytokines via P2X7R	Chiozzi et al., 2019, Petersen et al., 2008