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. 2021 Jul 21;12:707290. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.707290

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Copyright © 2021 Zhao, Liu, Li, Wu, Zhang, Zhang, Lei and Xu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Mechanism of oncolytic adenoviruses (OAds) in cancer immunotherapy. OAds selectively enter into malignant cells while being cleaned up by normal cells. Subsequent viral replication leads to tumor cell lysis and release of virus- and tumor-specific antigens. These antigens are picked up by dendritic cells (DCs) and presented to T cells, which initiate local antitumor immune activation. Activated T cells migrate into the tumor tissues, where T-cell attracting chemokines recruit more immune cells, facilitating tumor immune infiltration and enhancement of immunotherapy efficacy. Furthermore, infection by OAds can also induce inflammation that contributes to immune infiltration.