Table 2.
Resistance rate of ESBL/AmpC-EC against antimicrobial classes following the swine production stages.
| Anti-microbial classes | Anti-microbials | Weaning pigs | Growing pigs | Finishing pigs | Pregnant pigs | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prevalence (%) | OR (95% CI) | p | Prevalence (%) | OR (95% CI) | p | Prevalence (%) | OR (95% CI) | p | Prevalence (%) | OR (95% CI) | p | ||
| Pe | AMP | 100.0 | - | - | 100.0 | - | - | 100.0 | - | - | 100 | - | - |
| 3rd Cepha | CTX, CAZ, CRO | 100.0 | - | - | 100.0 | - | - | 100.0 | - | - | 100 | - | - |
| Carba | IMP | 0.0 | - | - | 0.0 | - | 0.0 | - | - | 0.0 | - | - | |
| Mono | ATM | 45.5 | 1.0 (0.47–2.21) | 0.96 | 44.2 | 1.0 (0.42–2.18) | 0.92 | 48.9 | 1.2 (0.69–2.21) | 0.47 | 38.1 | 0.7 (0.27–1.95) | 0.52 |
| Bi | AMC | 0.0 | 0.1 (0.01–2.02) | 0.14† | 15.4 | 9.8 (1.14–84.70) | 0.04* | 4.4 | 0.6 (0.09–4.65) | 0.65 | 0.0 | 0.6 (0.13–3.11) | 0.73† |
| Phe | C | 88.6 | 1.7 (0.53–5.42) | 0.38 | 86.5 | 1.3 (0.62–2.93) | 0.46 | 77.8 | 0.6 (0.25–1.25) | 0.16 | 81.0 | 0.8 (0.48–1.27) | 0.33 |
| Ami | AK, CN | 40.9 | 1.9 (0.84–4.13) | 0.13 | 28.9 | 0.9 (0.35–2.17) | 0.76 | 24.4 | 0.7 (0.28–1.51) | 0.31 | 28.6 | 0.9 (0.27–2.93) | 0.84 |
| Te | TE | 70.5 | 1.1 (0.67–1.64) | 0.84 | 69.2 | 1.0 (0.39–2.37) | 0.93 | 66.7 | 0.8 (0.47–1.44) | 0.49 | 76.2 | 1.5 (0.56–3.79) | 0.45 |
| Qui | NA, CIP | 81.8 | 1.8 (0.65–4.68) | 0.27 | 76.9 | 1.2 (0.54–2.63) | 0.66 | 68.9 | 0.7 (0.27–1.65) | 0.38 | 66.7 | 0.6 (0.17–2.32) | 0.49 |
| S/T | SXT | 52.3 | 0.8 (0.36–1.57) | 0.45 | 65.4 | 1.6 (0.61–4.37) | 0.33 | 60.0 | 1.2 (0.48–2.78) | 0.74 | 42.9 | 0.5 (0.15–1.69) | 0.27 |
The odds ratio (OR) was calculated on the antimicrobial resistance rate of ESBL/AmpC-EC from specific stage against those from other stages. OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; Bi, β-lactamase inhibitor class; Pe, broad spectrum penicillin class; 3rd Cepha, 3rd cephalosporin class; Mono, monobactam class; Carba, carbapenem class; Phe, phenicol class; Ami, aminoglycoside class; Te, tetracycline class; Qui, quinolone class; S/T, sulfonamide/trimethoprim class; AMC, amoxicillin/clavulanate; AMP, ampicillin; CTX, cefotaxime; CAZ, ceftazidime; CRO, ceftriaxone; ATM, Aztreonam; IMP, imipenem; C, chloramphenicol; AK, amikacin; CN, gentamycin; TE, tetracycline; NA, nalidixic acid; CIP, ciprofloxacin; and SXT, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim.
Statistically significant (
p < 0.05, GEEs;
p < 0.05, Chi-square test).