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. 2021 Jul 21;12:674016. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.674016

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Copyright © 2021 Daniel, Tassery, Lateur, Thierry, Herbelin, Gombert and Barbarin

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Hallmarks of innateness gradient. The more T-cells are close to innate cells like the NK-cells, the more they display the following hallmarks: 1/Transcriptomic signature with transcription factors expression such as PLZF, Eomes or T-bet. 2/Low TCR/CD3 sensitivity and low proliferation induced by TCR stimulation. 3/Metabolic changes with lower mitochondrial mass, lower ROS production and the Warburg effect. 4/IL-15 sensitivity, with increased CD122 expression. 5/A higher transcription rate of preformed cytokine mRNA prior to stimulation. 6/Effector functions independent from TCR stimulation such as ADCC and IFN-γ production after IL-12/IL-18 stimulation. Adapted from Gutierrez-Arcelys et al. (45).