Table 1.
Subjects' characteristics and lifetime substances use pattern (n = 316) (n, %).
| Sex | Male | 248 (78.5%) |
| Age (years) | Mean (SD) | 37.47 (±8.65) |
| Minimum–Maximum | 19–65 years | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | <21.0 | 80 (26.1%) |
| 21.0–24.99 | 132 (43.1%) | |
| ≥25.0 | 94 (30.7%) | |
| Missing | 10 | |
| Academic attainment | < High school degree | 88 (27.8%) |
| High school degree | 93 (29.4%) | |
| Graduate degree | 135 (42.7%) | |
| Frequency of cocaine use during the worst period | Daily | 190 (60.1%) |
| 1–6 use by week | 78 (24.7%) | |
| Less than weekly | 48 (15.2%) | |
| Length of regular cocaine use (year) | Median (Minimum–Maximum) | 5 (1–34) |
| 1st quartile; 3rd quartile | 2.5; 11 | |
| Crack use (vs. cocaine hydrochloride) | Yes | 88 (27.8%) |
| Preferred route of cocaine use: | Smoked or/and intravenous | 121 (38.3%) |
| Intranasal (sniffed) | 195 (61.7%) | |
| History of intravenous cocaine use | Yes | 85 (26.9%) |
| Missing | 1 | |
| Age of cocaine first use (years) | Mean (SD) | 23.4 (±7.3) |
| Median (Minimum–Maximum) | 21.0 years (12–53) | |
| Opioid use and opioid maintenance treatment (OMT) | Never | 103 (32.7%) |
| Opioid use without OMT | 72 (22.9%) | |
| OMT use | 140 (44.4%) | |
| Missing | 1 | |
| Amphetamine use during the worst period | Never | 124 (39.9%) |
| Non-daily use | 131 (42.1%) | |
| Daily use | 56 (18.0%) | |
| Missing | 5 | |
| Tobacco use | Less than daily use | 19 (6.0%) |
| Daily use | 296 (94.0%) | |
| Missing | 1 | |
| Lifetime alcohol use* | No dependence | 114 (36.8%) |
| Dependence | 196 (63.2%) | |
| Missing | 6 | |
| Lifetime cannabis use* | No dependence | 121 (38.8%) |
| Dependence | 191 (61.2%) | |
| Missing | 4 | |
| ALDH2 rs2238151 genotype (N = 96, sample restricted to patients with lifetime CACP history) | CC | 19 (19.8%) |
| CT | 34 (35.4%) | |
| TT | 43 (44.8%) | |
| ALDH2 rs2238151 genotype (N = 76, sample restricted to patients with lifetime CACP history and European Ancestry) | CC | 9 (11.8%) |
| CT | 30 (39.5%) | |
| TT | 37 (48.7%) |
*
Dependence according to DSM IV -TR criteria.