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. 2021 Aug 4;18:82. doi: 10.1186/s12954-021-00529-w

Table 2.

Descriptive analysis based on 9 key domains [59] (n = 39)

Author Date Direction Magnitude (%) Certainty Process Behavior Outcome Frequency Immediacy Schedule Recipient
1. Petry et al. 2000 + 75 Certain X X All Immediate Variable Individual
2. Petry et al. 2001 + 50 Certain X X All Immediate Variable Individual
3. Petry et al. 2002 +/− 50 Certain X All Immediate Variable (E-R) Individual
4. Petry et al. 2004 +/− 50 Certain X X All Immediate Variable (E-R) Individual
5. Petry et al. 2005 +/− 50 Certain X All Immediate Variable (E-R) Individual
6. Petry & Alessi et al. 2005 +/− 37.2 Certain X X All Immediate Variable (E-R) Individual
7. Petry & Martin et al. 2005 +/− 50 Certain X X All Immediate Variable (E-R) Individual
8. Peirce et al. 2006 +/− 50 Certain X All Immediate Variable (E-R) Individual
9. Petry et al. 2006 +/− 45 Certain X X All Immediate Variable (E-R) Individual
10. Alessi et al. 2007 +/− N/Ra; 50b Uncertaina; Certainb X X

Somea;

Allb

 Immediate Variable (E-R) Individual
11. Petry et al. 2007 +/− 50 Certain X All Immediate Variable (E-R) Individual
12. Ghitza et al. 2007 +/− 50 Certain X All Immediate Variable (E-R) Individual
13. Alessi et al. 2008 +/− 100; 50* Certain X Some Immediate Variable (E-R) Individual
14. Kirby et al. 2008 +/− 50 Uncertain X Some Immediate Variable (E-R) Group
15. Ledgerwood et al. 2008 +/− 100 Uncertain X Some Immediate Variable (E-R) Individual
16. Preston et al. 2008 +/− 50 Certain X All Immediate Variable (E-R) Individual
17. Lot et al. 2009 +/− 50 Certain X X All Delayed Variable (E-R) Individual
18. Olmstead et al. 2009 +/− 37.2 Certain X X All Immediate Variable (E-R) Individual
19. Walker et al. 2010 +/−

501;

1002

Certain1;

Uncertain2

 X

All1;

Some2

 Immediate1 Delayed2 Variable (E-R) Individual
20. Hser et al. 2011 +/− 50 Certain X X All Immediate Variable (E-R) Individual
21. Petry et al. 2011 +/− 100 Uncertain X X Some Immediate Variable (E-R) Individual
22. Branson et al. 2012 + 85 Certain X All Immediate Variable Individual
23. Carroll et al. 2012 + 57.7 Certain X X All Immediate Variable Individual
24. Jiang et al. 2012 + N/R Uncertain X Some Immediate Variable Individual
25. Killeen et al. 2012 +/− 60 Certain X All Immediate Variable (E-R) Individual
26. Petry et al. 2012 +/− 50 Certain X All Immediate Variable (E-R) Individual
27. Petry & Barry et al. 2012 +/−

501

100; 50*2

 Certain X X All Immediate Variable (E-R) Individual
28. Chen et al. 2013 +/− 50 Certain X X X All Delayed Variable (E-R) Individual
29. Hagedorn et al. 2013 +/− 50 Certain X All Immediate Variable (E-R) Individual
30. McDonell et al. 2013 +/− 50 Certain X All Immediate Variable (E-R) Individual
31. Petry et al. 2013 +/− 50 Certain X All Immediate Variable (E-R) Individual
32. Roll et al. 2013 +/− 50 Certain X All Immediate Variable (E-R) Individual
33. Alessi et al. 2014 +/− 100; 50* Certain X Some Immediate Variable (E-R) Individual
34. Ledgerwood et al. 2014 +/− 50 Certain X All Immediate Variable (E-R) Individual
35. Petry et al. 2015 +/−

66; 33*1

76; 50 *2

 Certain X All Immediate Variable (E-R) Individual
36. Cunningham et al. 2017 +/− 50 Certain X X All Immediate Variable (E-R) Individual
37. Kropp et al. 2017 + N/R Uncertain X X Some Delayed Fixed Individual
38. Petry et al. 2018 +/− 50 Certain X X All Immediate Variable (E-R) Individual
39. Rash et al. 2018 +/− 60 Certain X All Immediate Variable (E-R) Individual

NR, Indicates not reported

*Indicates studies that used a “priming” technique where initial magnitude of drawing a winning prize card was higher followed by a lower magnitude, within the same group

a,bIndicates studies where one group was exposed to two distinct PB-CM interventions

1,2Indicates studies where two groups were used, where each group received a distinct PB-CM interventions