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. 2021 Jul 21;15:686239. doi: 10.3389/fncom.2021.686239

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Copyright © 2021 Rolls.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Deformation-invariant object recognition. The flag stimuli used to train VisNet to demonstrate deformation-invariant object recognition. Each flag is shown with different wind forces and rotations. Starting on the left with the first pair of images for each flag, both the 0 and 180° views are shown for a windspeed of 0; and each successive pair is shown for the wind force increased by 50 Blender units. Visnet learned to categorize these 4 flags as 4 different flags provided that the different deformations of each flag were shown close together in the temporal sequence during training, to make use of the trace learning rule. (After Webb and Rolls, 2014).