TABLE 1.

The diverse role of IL‐25 in various cancer

Cancer Type	IL−25 expression in tumor cells compared with normal tissues or cells	Role in Cancer	Prognosis	Study Model	References
Colorectal Cancer	Highly expressed in both healthy and CRC patients	Not defined	Not defined	Histopathological samples	[31]
	Highly expressed in colon polyp and ulcerative colitis than CRC	Not defined	Not defined	Histopathological samples	[33]
	Downregulated compared with colitis	Tumor suppressive	potential protective marker	Murine model	[32]
Cervical Cancer	Overexpressed	Tumor supportive	Potential negative prognostic factor	HeLa and SiHa cell lines	[41]
Gastric Cancer	Highly expressed	Tumor suppressive	Favorable prognosis after resection	Histopathological samples	[43]
Lung Cancer	Overexpressed in cisplatin‐resistance cells	Tumor supportive	Not‐defined	A549 cell line	[38]
Multiple Myeloma	Highly overexpressed	Not defined	Positively correlated to disease stage	Serum samples	[25]
Cutaneous T Cell Lymphoma	Overexpressed	Tumor supportive	Not defined	Histopathological samples	[44]
B‐cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia	Reduced expression in PMN and B cells and elevated in sera at stage 0/I and II	Not defined	Not defined	PMNs, B lymphocytes, and serum	[28]
Oral Epithelial Squamous Cell Carcinoma	No significance difference in PBMCs and PMNs but higher level in cell supernatants and blood serum	Tumor supportive	Not defined	PMNs, PBMCs, and serum	[22]
Hepatocellular Carcinoma	Overexpressed in cancer stem cells	Tumor supportive	Not defined	Huh7 and PLC/PRF/5 cell lines murine model	[17]
Cholangiocarcinoma	Overexpressed	Not defined	Poor prognosis	Histopathological samples	[55]
Prostate Cancer	Overexpressed in prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia	Tumor supportive	Not defined	Histopathological samples	[30]
Bladder Cancer	Elevated in bladder polyp and cystitis compared with bladder cancer	Tumor suppressive	Not defined	Histopathological samples	[57]
Breast Cancer	Q2‐3 induced its expression	Tumor suppressive	Not defined	4T1 and MDA‐MD−231 cell lines/animal study	[39]
	Upregulated in tumor cells	Tumor supportive	Not defined	MCF−7, T47D cell lines and ER– breast cancer clinical samples	[46]
	Upregulated during mammary gland's development but noticeably decreased in mature mouse and human mammary glands	tumor suppressive	Not defined	MCF−7, MDA‐MB468, SKBR3, T47D, and MCF−10A cell lines /murine model	[26]
	Increased in ER+ than ER– breast cancer	Tumor suppressive	Potential good prognostic factor	TCGA of breast cancer dataset	[27]
	Downregulated in non‐malignant and further in malignant samples	Not defined	Negative correlation with cancer grade	PBMCs and serum	[24]

Abbreviations: CRC, colorectal cancer; ER, estrogen receptor; PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells; PMNs, polymorphonuclears; TCGA, The Cancer Genome Atlas.