Table 3.

Interactions of air pollutants, and LUR-related variables on the PRs of COPD in propensity-scoring matched population

LUR-related variables	PM2.5 (μg/m3)	OR (95% CI)a	p Interaction
NDVI			0.28
< 0.45	< 35	Reference
≥ 0.45	< 35	0.99 (0.75–1.30)
< 0.45	≥ 35	1.32 (0.81–2.15)
≥ 0.45	≥ 35	1.79 (1.39–2.29) **
		p Trend < 0.0001
Area of industrial land (m2/ grid)			< 0.01
< 18.2	< 35	Reference
≥ 18.2	< 35	0.90 (0.69–1.18)
< 18.2	≥ 35	1.18 (0.85–1.63)
≥ 18.2	≥ 35	2.18 (1.61–2.94) **
		p Trend < 0.0002
Road area (m2)			< 0.01
< 20.5	< 35	Reference
≥ 20.5	< 35	0.78 (0.60–1.02)
< 20.5	≥ 35	1.09 (0.79–1.50)
≥ 20.5	≥ 35	2.05 (1.53–2.76) **
		p Trend < 0.0001
Number of temples (*106 per m2)			0.34
< 0	< 35	Reference
≥ 1	< 35	0.92 (0.67–1.27)
< 0	≥ 35	1.96 (1.48–2.60) **
≥ 1	≥ 35	1.44 (1.08–1.93) *
		p Trend = 0.0001

SD, standard deviation; NDVI, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index. ^aMultiple logistic regressions included confounding factors of cigarette smoking and betel consumption

^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01