Table 1.
Baseline patient characteristics
| Variable | Overall (n = 664) | Non-diabetic (n = 305) | Diabetic (n = 359) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical variables | ||||
| Age (years), [median(IQR)] | 60.0 [52.6, 68.1] | 58.5 [50.1, 68.2] | 61.1 [54.6, 68.1] | 0.010 |
| Female sex (%) | 183 (27.6) | 93 (30.5) | 90 (25.1) | 0.141 |
| Race (%) | ||||
| American Indian | 5 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (1.4) | 0.030 |
| Asian | 9 (1.4) | 1 (0.3) | 8 (2.2) | |
| African American | 213 (32.1) | 97 (31.8) | 116 (32.3) | |
| White | 410 (61.7) | 195 (63.9) | 215 (59.9) | |
| Multiracial | 15 (2.3) | 9 (3.0) | 6 (1.7) | |
| Unknown | 12 (1.8) | 3 (1.0) | 9 (2.5) | |
| BMI [median (IQR)] | 30.7 [26.8, 36.1] | 29.8 [25.6, 34.4] | 32.0 [27.8, 37.3] | < 0.001 |
| Pulse pressure (mmHg), [median (IQR)] | 42.0 [36.0, 54.0] | 40.0 [34.0, 50.0] | 46.0 [37.2, 56.0] | < 0.001 |
| History of atrial arrhythmia (%) | 142 (21.4) | 62 (20.3) | 80 (22.3) | 0.605 |
| Currently smoking (%) | 95 (14.4) | 59 (19.5) | 36 (10.1) | 0.001 |
| LVEF (%) [median (IQR)] | 25.0 [20.0, 30.0] | 25.0 [19.6, 30.1] | 25.0 [20.0, 29.9] | 0.510 |
| NT-Pro BNP [median (IQR)] | 813.0 [342.5, 1859.0] | 751.9 [320.8, 1854.0] | 899.1 [377.5, 1855.2] | 0.252 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) [median (IQR)] | 13.3 [12.1, 14.4] | 13.3 [12.3, 14.5] | 13.1 [12.0, 14.3] | 0.076 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) (median [IQR]) | 1.2 [1.0, 1.5] | 1.1 [1.0, 1.4] | 1.3 [1.0, 1.6] | < 0.001 |
| Hemoglobin A1C [median (IQR)] | 6.9 [6.2, 8.0] | 5.9 [5.5, 6.3] | 7.2 [6.4, 8.4] | < 0.001 |
| BUN (mg/dL) [median (IQR)] | 21.0 [15.0, 29.0] | 18.0 [14.0, 24.0] | 24.0 [17.0, 33.0] | < 0.001 |
| ACEi dose (mg) [median (IQR)] | 20.0 [0.0, 40.0] | 20.0 [0.0, 40.0] | 20.0 [0.0, 40.0] | 0.610 |
| Beta blocker dose (mg) [median (IQR)] | 25.0 [13.0, 50.0] | 25.0 [13.0, 50.0] | 50.0 [16.0, 50.0] | 0.008 |
| Exercise variables | ||||
| Baseline peak VO2 (mg/kg/min) [median (IQR)] | 14.0 [11.2, 16.9] | 14.8 [11.9, 17.7] | 13.4 [10.4, 16.6] | < 0.001 |
| 6-minute walk distance (m) [median (IQR]] | 361.0 [289.7, 426.3] | 365.8 [305.4, 435.1] | 353.0 [274.7, 415.6] | 0.012 |
BMI body mass index; LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction; BNP brain natriuretic peptide; BUN blood urea nitrogen; ACEi angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; VO2, oxygen consumption
Bold values indicate a statistically significance difference in P-values