Table 4.

Bivariate Analysis of Massage Therapy

	Wave 1 N = 6325			Wave 2 N = 4041			Wave 3 N = 2717
	Massage			Massage			Massage
	Yes			Yes			Yes
	n = 538			n = 682			n = 494
	Row N (%)	χ2	SE	Row N (%)	χ2	SE	Row N (%)	χ2	SE
Predisposing factors
Sociodemographics
Sex		9.71**			73.01***			20.02***
Female	317 (58.92)		2.12	479 (70.23)		1.75	318 (64.37)		2.16
Male	221 (41.08)		2.12	203 (29.77)		1.75	176 (35.63)		2.16
Race		0.8			0.41			0.5
White	470 (87.36)		1.43	620 (91.31)		1.08	445 (90.82)		1.3
Other	68 (12.64)		1.43	59 (8.69)		1.08	45 (9.18)		1.3
Age		25.41***			60.48***			46.1***
25–44 years	283 (52.6)		2.15	179 (26.25)		1.69	17 (3.44)		0.82
45–64	226 (42.01)		2.13	395 (57.92)		1.89	302 (61.13)		2.19
65+	29 (5.39)		0.97	108 (15.84)		1.4	175 (35.43)		2.15
Education		46.94***			36.42***			26.23***
Less than high school	28 (5.22)		0.96	20 (2.93)		0.65	14 (2.84)		0.75
High school, GED, AD	269 (50.19)		2.16	339 (49.78)		1.92	227 (46.04)		2.25
BA/BS	157 (29.29)		1.97	192 (28.19)		1.72	132 (26.77)		1.99
Advanced degree	82 (15.3)		1.56	130 (19.09)		1.51	120 (24.34)		1.93
Psychological factors
Spiritual importance		8.48**			11.29***			10.97***
Not or not very important	94 (17.6)		1.65	83 (12.41)		1.27	58 (11.93)		1.47
Somewhat to very important	440 (82.4)		1.65	586 (87.59)		1.27	428 (88.07)		1.47
Depression		20.07***			7.32**			18.59***
Yes	88 (16.36)		1.59	77 (11.29)		1.21	59 (11.94)		1.46
No	450 (83.64)		1.59	605 (88.71)		1.21	435 (88.06)		1.46

Significance level: ^**p < 0.01, ^***p < 0.001.

AD, Associate’s degree; BA/BS, Bachelor of Art or Bachelor of Science degree; GED, general educational development; SE, standard error.