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. 2021 Jul 12;27(7):550–568. doi: 10.1089/acm.2020.0414

Table 7.

Multivariable Analysis of Chiropractic

Continued/discontinued use of chiropractic
Model variables Wave 1–2a
 Wave 2–3a
ORa 95% CI p ORa 95% CI p
Race     0.01     0.80
 White 3.04 1.33–6.92   0.90 0.39–2.05  
 Other Ref     Ref    
Age     0.24     0.04
 25–44 years 0.87 0.62–1.24   0.67 0.42–1.07  
 45–64 Ref     Ref    
 65+ 0.61 0.34–1.10   0.57 0.35–0.95  
Sex     0.09     0.74
 Male Ref     Ref    
 Female 1.33 0.95–1.86   1.07 0.73–1.55  
Education     0.16     0.02
 Less than high school 0.58 0.25–1.32   0.49 0.18–1.35  
 High school, GED, AD 1.11 0.73–1.70   0.52 0.32–0.82  
 BA/BS Ref     Ref    
 Advanced degree 1.49 0.85–2.61   0.44 0.24–0.81  
Spiritual importance     0.95     0.29
 Not or not very important Ref     Ref    
 Somewhat to very important 1.01 0.67–1.53   1.36 0.77–2.39  
Depression     0.13     0.33
 Yes Ref     Ref    
 No 1.44 0.89–2.33   1.40 0.72–2.74  
Chiropractic use in wave 1     —     <0.0001
 Yes — —   2.74 1.93–3.90  
 No — —   Ref    
New use of chiropractic
Model variables Wave 1–2a
 Wave 2–3a
ORa 95% CI p ORa 95% CI p
Race
  
  
 <0.001
  
  
 0.20
 White
 2.66
 1.60–4.42
  
 1.50
 0.81–2.78
  
 Other
 Ref
  
  
 Ref
  
  
Age
  
  
 <0.01
  
  
 <0.001
 25–44 years
 1.29
 1.01–1.64
  
 1.34
 0.94–1.92
  
 45–64
 Ref
  
  
 Ref
  
  
 65+
 0.62
 0.39–0.97
  
 0.52
 0.34–0.79
  
Sex
  
  
 0.33
  
  
 0.40
 Male
 Ref
  
  
 Ref
  
  
 Female
 1.12
 0.89–1.41
  
 1.14
 0.84–1.56
  
Education
  
  
 0.05
  
  
 0.34
 Less than high school
 0.67
 0.38–1.20
  
 1.48
 0.75–2.91
  
 High school, GED, AD
 1.23
 0.93–1.64
  
 1.09
 0.75–1.58
  
 BA/BS
 Ref
  
  
 Ref
  
  
 Advanced degree
 0.97
 0.64–1.48
  
 0.77
 0.46–1.27
  
Spiritual importance
  
  
 <0.01
  
  
 <0.01
 Not or not very important
 Ref
  
  
 Ref
  
  
 Somewhat to very important
 1.52
 1.14–2.03
  
 1.90
 1.18–3.06
  
Depression
  
  
 0.048
  
  
 0.43
 Yes
 Ref
  
  
 Ref
  
  
 No
 0.72
 0.52–0.99
  
 1.27
 0.70–2.28
  
Chiropractic use in wave 1
  
  
 —
  
  
 <0.0001
 Yes
 —
 —
  
 3.33
 2.21–5.02
  
 No —     Ref    
a

Adjusted for all variables in the table in addition to smoking status, marriage status, total household income, insurance status, joint/bone disease, sciatica/lumbago/recurring backache, and migraine headaches.

AD, Associate's degree; BA/BS, Bachelor of Art or Bachelor of Science degree; CI, confidence interval; GED, general educational development; OR, odds ratio.