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. 2021 Jun 19;8(15):2002211. doi: 10.1002/advs.202002211

Figure 5.

Figure 5

In vitro MSCs modulation. A) The fluorescence images of MSCs cultured on Ti, CTO, RP, and CTO/RP P–N heterojunction for 24 h after nucleus was stained with DAPI (blue) and F‐actin was stained with TRITC (bright orange). Scale bar: 50 µm. B) The viabilities of MSCs after cultured with Ti, CTO, RP, and CTO/RP P–N heterojunction for 1, 3, and 7 days. C) The ALP activities of MSCs after cultured with Ti, CTO, RP, and CTO/RP P–N heterojunction for 3, 7, and 14 days. D) The heat map reveals that the quantification of the bone related genes expression (ALP, COL I, OCN, OPN, OSX, and Runx‐2) in MSCs by qRT‐PCR using GAPDH as a reference gene after cultured with Ti, CTO, RP, and CTO/RP P–N heterojunction for 7 and 14 days. E) Schematic diagram of enhanced proliferation and differentiation of MSCs by upregulating bone related genes expression. Error bars indicate means ± standard deviations (n = 3): *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 (t‐test). NS: not significant (P > 0.05).