Scheme 1.

Schematic diagram of enhanced NIRL photocatalytic eradication of MRSA biofilms and osseointegration of CTO/RP P–N heterojunction. Driven by the synergism of internal electric field and band offset after alignment of the Fermi energy at the heterointerface, NIRL excited electron–hole pairs are effectively separated and transferred, which facilitate the generation of ROS and heat to synergistically eradicate MRSA biofilm on the surface of Ti orthopedic implant. On the other hand, upregulated osteogenic related genes promoted the osteogenic differentiation ability of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs).