Table 3.
Overview of biosensors for cytokine detection based on different detection techniques
| Cytokines | Detection technique | Detection limit | Linear range | Sample volume | Assay time | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IL‐2, IL‐4, IL‐6, IL‐10, IFN‐γ, TNF‐α | FI | 41 pg mL−1 | 41–104 pg mL−1 | 50 µL | ≈3 h | [ 226 ] |
| TNF‐α | FI | 20 pg mL−1 | 105–106 pg mL−1 | – | Near real time | [ 227 ] |
| IFN‐γ | FI | 1.5 × 104 pg mL−1 | (0.2–8) × 105 pg mL−1 | – | ≈6 h | [ 130 ] |
| IFN‐γ | FI | 2 pg mL−1 | 5–102 pg mL−1 | – | ≈30 min | [ 33 ] |
| IFN‐γ | FI | 0.1 pg mL−1 | 0.1–1.5 × 103 pg mL−1 | – | ≈2 h | [ 131 ] |
| IFN‐γ | FI | 2 pg mL−1 | 0–102 pg mL−1 | – | ≈45 min | [ 228 ] |
| IFN‐γ, TNF‐α | FI | 21 pg mL−1 | 0–3.6 × 102 pg mL−1 | – | ≈40 min | [ 128 ] |
| IL‐1β | FI | 3.2 pg mL−1 | 3.5–2 × 102 pg mL−1 | 5–10 µL | – | [ 35 ] |
| IL‐20 | FI | 0.2 pg mL−1 | 2–2 × 104 pg mL−1 | 5 µL | – | [ 229 ] |
| IL‐1β | FI | 4.7 pg mL−1 | 13–2 × 102 pg mL−1 | 1 µL | – | [ 230 ] |
| IL‐1β | FI | 10 pg mL−1 | 25–4 × 102 pg mL−1 | – | – | [ 125 ] |
| IL‐6 | FI | 1 pg mL−1 | 1–4 × 102 pg mL−1 | 1 µL | – | [ 37 ] |
| IL‐6 | FI | 0.1 pg mL−1 | 0.4–4 × 102 pg mL−1 | 1 µL | – | [ 231 ] |
| IFN‐γ | FI | 103 pg mL−1 | 5 × 103‐1 × 105 pg mL−1 | – | Near real time | [ 32 ] |
| IL‐2, IL‐4, IL‐6 | SPR | 5–20 pg mL−1 | 10–104 pg mL−1 | 1 µL | ≈40 min | [ 24 ] |
| IL‐6 | SPR | 10 pg mL−1 | 10–102 pg mL−1 | – | ≈30 min | [ 232 ] |
| IL‐6, TNF‐α | SPR | 5 pg mL−1 | 4–5 × 102 pg mL−1 | – | – | [ 137 ] |
| IL‐6, IL‐4, IL‐10,TNF‐α | SPR | 20 pg mL−1 | 10–104 pg mL−1 | 1 µL | ≈30 min | [ 233 ] |
| IFN‐γ | SPR | 5 × 104 pg mL−1 | (0.5–8) × 105 pg mL−1 | 800 µL | Real time | [ 136 ] |
| IL‐6 | SPR | 104 pg mL−1 | 104–2 × 105 pg mL−1 | 100 µL | Real time | [ 138 ] |
| TGF‐β1 | EC | 10 pg mL−1 | 15–3 × 103 pg mL−1 | 25 µL | ≈60 min | [ 234 ] |
| IL‐6, IL‐1β, TNF‐α | EC | 5 pg mL−1 | 5–2 × 102 pg mL−1 | – | – | [ 28 ] |
| IFN‐γ | EC | 1.6 pg mL−1 | 2.5–2 × 103 pg mL−1 | 5 µL | ≈200 s | [ 152 ] |
| IFN‐γ | EC | 0.2 ng mL−1 | 0.2–2.8 × 102 ng mL−1 | – | – | [ 156 ] |
| IFN‐γ | EC | 3 pg mL−1 | 10–5 × 103 pg mL−1 | 30 µL | ≈60 min | [ 155 ] |
| TNF‐α | EC | – | 1–15 pg mL−1 | – | – | [ 235 ] |
| IFN‐γ | EC | 6 pg mL−1 | 10–5 × 102 pg mL−1 | 100 µL | Real time | [ 31 ] |
| VEGF | EC | 0.1 pg mL−1 | 2–5 × 102 pg mL−1 | – | Real time | [ 126 ] |
| TNF‐α | EC | 0.1 pg mL−1 | 0.1–1.5 × 102 pg mL−1 | – | ≈20 min | [ 29 ] |
| IL‐1β, IL‐10 | EC |
0.3 pg mL−1 (IL‐10) 0.7 pg mL−1 (IL‐1β) |
1–15 pg mL−1 | – | ≈45 min | [ 149 ] |
| TNF‐α | EC |
0.1 pg mL−1 in tears 2 pg mL−1 in cerebrospinal fluid and blood serum |
1–25 pg mL−1 | 1 µL | – | [ 147 ] |
| TNF‐α | EC | 38 pg mL−1 | 0–2.9 × 102 pg mL−1 | – | ≈5 min | [ 236 ] |
| IL‐6 | EC | 1.5 pg mL−1 | 4.7–3 × 102 pg mL−1 | – | Real time | [ 237 ] |
| TNF‐α | EC | – | 1–102 pg mL−1 | – | – | [ 25 ] |
| IL‐6, TNF‐α | EC | 20 pg mL−1 | – | – | Near real time | [ 238 ] |
| TNF‐α | EC | 38 pg mL−1 | 76–5 × 103 pg mL−1 | 250 µL | – | [ 239 ] |
| IL‐1β, TNF‐α | EC | 0.4 pg mL−1 | 1–2 × 102 pg mL−1 | 2.5 µL | ≈200 s | [ 153 ] |
| IL‐3 | EC | 5 pg mL−1 | – | 100 µL | ≈50 min | [ 240 ] |
| IFN‐γ | EC | 10 pg mL−1 | 10–103 pg mL−1 | 10 µL | Real time | [ 121 ] |
| IL‐1, IL‐6, TNF‐α | EC | 5 pg mL−1 | 5–150 pg mL−1 | – | – | [ 66 ] |
| IL‐1β | Optoelectronic biosensor | 0.3 pg mL−1 | 0.1–103 pg mL−1 | – | ≈10 min | [ 241 ] |
| TNF‐α | Piezoelectric biosensor | 1.6 pg mL−1 | – | 50 µL | – | [ 242 ] |
| IL‐1β, IL‐1α IL‐6, IL‐10, TNF‐α, GM‐CSF | ELISA | 0.01–0.03 pg mL−1 | – | 150 µL | ≈45 s | [ 243 ] |
| IFN‐γ | ELISA | 40 pg mL−1 | 16–2 × 103 pg mL−1 | – | ≈8 min | [ 117 ] |
| IL‐1β, IL‐2, IL‐4, IL‐6, IL‐10, IL‐12β, IL‐18, IFN‐γ, TNF | PCR | 0.03 pg mL−1 | – | – | – | [ 244 ] |
| IL‐1β, IL‐10 TNF‐α, | PCR | 10–102 copies | 10–107 copies per µL | 50 µL | – | [ 245 ] |
| IL‐2 | LoC | 50 pg mL−1 | 50–103 pg mL−1 | ≈30 min | [ 112 ] | |
| IL‐6, IL‐8, TNF | LoC | 20 pg mL−1 | – | 0.16 µL | 15–30 min | [ 113 ] |
| IL‐10 | LoC | 1 pg mL−1 | 1–15 pg mL−1 | 3 µL | – | [ 150 ] |
| TNF‐α | Surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) | 4.5 pg mL−1 | 0–105 pg mL−1 | – | ≈2.5 h | [ 141 ] |
| TNF‐α | SERS | 1 pg mL−1 | – | – | – | [ 142 ] |
| IL‐10 | SERS | 0.1 pg mL−1 | 0.1–102 pg mL−1 | – | – | [ 144 ] |
| IL‐6, VEGF | CLISA |
0.05 pg mL−1 (IL‐6) 0.03 pg mL−1 (VEGF) |
0.2–102 pg mL−1 | – | [ 160 ] | |
| VEGF | Colorimetric sensor | 7.4 × 103 pg mL−1 | – | – | ≈60 min | [ 163 ] |
| VEGF | Colorimetric sensor | 4 × 103 pg mL−1 | 4 × 103–1.6 × 106 pg mL−1 | 10 µL | ≈60 min | [ 164 ] |