Table 2.
Subject characteristics by gestational weight gain classification1
| Total | Insufficient gestational weight gain | Sufficient gestational weight gain | Excessive gestational weight gain | p-value2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 1,213 | n = 157 | n = 247 | n = 419 | ||
| Maternal age (years) | 30.6 (4.8) | 31.2 (4.5) | 31.8 (4.1) | 30.6 (4.6) | 0.005 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2)* | 22.7 (20.8, 25.3) | 22.1 (20.7, 23.9) | 21.9 (20.2, 23.7) | 23.2 (21.0, 25.7) | 0.000 |
| Educational level | 0.020 | ||||
| Low | 583 (48.1) | 70 (45.2) | 85 (34.7) | 187 (45.3) | |
| High | 596 (49.1) | 85 (54.8) | 160 (65.3) | 226 (54.7) | |
| Missings | 35 (2.8) | – | – | – | |
| Ethnicity | 0.751 | ||||
| Dutch/European | 756 (62.3) | 107 (69.0) | 176 (71.3) | 302 (72.2) | |
| Non-European | 452 (37.3) | 48 (31.0) | 71 (28.7) | 116 (27.8) | |
| Missings | 5 (0.4) | – | – | – | |
| Parity | 0.001 | ||||
| Nulliparous | 742 (61.2) | 85 (54.1) | 152 (61.5) | 293 (69.9) | |
| Multiparous | 471 (38.8) | 72 (45.9) | 95 (38.5) | 126 (30.1) | |
| Missings | – | – | – | – | |
| Daily dietary caloric intake (kcal) | 2080 (5 0 8) | 2035 (5 4 8) | 2145 (4 9 0) | 2113 (4 8 5) | 0.163 |
| Creatinine early pregnancy (< 18 weeks) μg/mL)* | 1030 (491, 1661) | 958 (522, 1582) | 1026 (450, 1705) | 1032 (472, 1642) | 0.647 |
| Creatinine mid-pregnancy (18–25 weeks) μg/mL)* | 1164 (740, 1818) | 1291 (814, 2025) | 1222 (676, 1861) | 1106 (709, 1654) | 0.375 |
| Smoking | 0.000 | ||||
| Never | 867 (71.5) | 136 (86.6) | 192 (77.7) | 286 (68.3) | |
| Until pregnancy was known | 108 (8.9) | 7 (4.5) | 19 (7.7) | 50 (11.9) | |
| Continued | 160 (13.2) | 7 (4.5) | 21 (8.5) | 57 (13.6) | |
| Missings | 78 (6.4) | 7 (4.5) | 15 (6.1) | 26 (6.2) | |
| Alcohol consumption | 0.566 | ||||
| Never | 491 (40.5) | 64 (40.8) | 84 (34.0) | 157 (37.5) | |
| Until pregnancy was known | 193 (15.9) | 24 (15.3) | 47 (19.0) | 62 (14.8) | |
| Continued | 451 (37.2) | 63 (40.1) | 101 (40.9) | 172 (41.1) | |
| Missings | 78 (6.4) | 6 (3.8) | 15 (6.1) | 28 (6.7) | |
| Folic acid supplementation | 0.893 | ||||
| No | 191 (15.7) | 18 (11.5) | 28 (11.3) | 51 (12.2) | |
| Start first 10 weeks | 330 (27.2) | 40 (25.5) | 62 (25.1) | 122 (29.1) | |
| Start periconceptional | 484 (39.9) | 72 (45.9) | 116 (47.0) | 189 (45.1) | |
| Missings | 208 (17.1) | 27 (17.2) | 41 (16.6) | 57 (13.6) | |
| Early to-mid pregnancy weight gain (kg)* | 3.0 (2.0, 5.0) | – | – | – | |
| Mid- to late pregnancy weight gain (kg)* | 5.0 (3.5, 7.0) | – | – | – | |
| Late to total pregnancy weight gain (kg)* | 4.5 (3.0, 7.0) | – | – | – | |
| Total gestational weight gain(kg)* | 15.0 (12.0, 18.0) | – | – | – | |
| Gestational weight gain until late pregnancy (kg)* | 10.0 (8.0, 13.0) | – | – | – |
1
Values are means (standard deviation) or numbers of subjects (percentage). Only women with available information on total gestational weight gain were classified in a total gestational weight gain category (n = 823).
2
Differences between groups of insufficient, sufficient and excessive gestational weight gain were assessed using one-way ANOVA tests for continuous variables and chi-square tests for proportions.
*
Median (IQR range)