Table 1:

Comparison of meals, physical activities, and stress disturbances on glucose, as well as design of AID system using glucose targets, behavioral considerations, and AID controller features for subpopulations based on age and metabolic conditions. The subpopulations are ordered by the quality of clinical validation starting with the adolescents and young adult subpopulation. Studies involving children, pregnant women and seniors subpopulations have only recently been initiated. In particular, AID systems for shift-workers and athletes subpopulations require clinical validation.

Sub- population	Disturbances			Design
	Meals	Physical activities	Stress	Glucose targets	Behavioral Considerations	Controller Features
Adolescents (pubertal, age 12 – 18); Young Adults (age 18 – 25)	Typically large meals	Activities with peers, moderate to vigorous intensity	Peer pressure, school performance, changes in lifestyle	HbA1c < 7%	Less diligence in diabetes care, sedentary lifestyle	Prioritize extended hyperglycemia prevention; high absolute basal, insulin resistance and large TDI
School-Age Children (pre-pubertal, age 6 – 12)	Small and frequent meals	School activities, moderate to vigorous intensity	Related to friends/peers and siblings		Limited autonomy in diabetes care	Prioritize hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia prevention; low absolute basal, high insulin sensitivity and small TDI, activity detection and announcement
Young Children (age 2 – 6)	Irregular meals	Active in short bursts	Related to friends/peers and siblings		Completely dependent on others for diabetes care, challenges in communicating hypoglycemia symptoms	Prioritize glycemic variability and hypoglycemia prevention; very low absolute basal, larger portion of TDI for bolus, high insulin sensitivity with small TDI, activity detection and announcement
Pregnant women (Pregnancy with pre-existing T1D)	Moderately low carbohydrate intake	Moderate intensity	Pregnancy-specific stressors	HbA1c < 6% fasting: 95 mg/dL, 1-h postprandial: < 140 mg/dL, 2-h postprandial: < 120 mg/dL	Early pregnancy: decreased food intake; Mid- to late pregnancy: increased food intake. Declined physical activity due to maternal fatigue and other discomfort	Adaptive to changing insulin requirements through pregnancy. Assertive postprandial control
Seniors (age ≥ 65 years)	Gradual decrease in appetite	Decline in muscle mass and strength	Depression due to grief, loneliness, failing health, lack of mobility	HbA1c < 7 – 7.5%; Healthy target: 90 – 150 mg/dL; Severe chronic illness target: 100 – 180 mg/dL	Unidentified cognitive impairment and dementia leading to difficulties in self-monitoring and use of diabetes technology	Prioritize minimization of hypoglycemia and severe hyperglycemia; reduction of overall risk from hypoglycemia unawareness
Shift-workers (People working outside typical 6 am to 6 pm schedule)	Change in timing and frequency, increased consumption of snacks	Decreased opportunities for physical activity, altered responses to exercise	Altered social life resulting in psychological stress and psychosomatic disorders	HbA1c < 7%	Disruption of circadian rhythms and sleep deficits	Adapt timing and dosing to frequent changes in routine, incorporate circadian and impaired glucose dynamics
Athletes (People who train and compete in sports)	Training- and competition-specific dietary requirements	Highly active, schedules depend on training and competition goals	Increased risk of stress-induced hyperglycemia around competitions	HbA1c < 7%; Training: TIR > 70%; Competition: TIR > 75%	Location and type of the wearable device preference based on sport type and convenience	Exercise-informed control with announcement or detection of exercise. Multi-hormone systems for better prevention against exercise induced glycemic variations.