Table 1.

Psychological stress responses to the pandemic of COVID-19 and preventive measures for the establishment organizational and individual resilience.

General COVID-19 psychological stress outcomes	At individual level	At institutional level
Physical and cognitive/sentimental exhaustion	Practice self-care for sleep, rest, diet, and exercise for physiological wellbeing	Actively convey the value of sufficient rest and self-care to employees
Fear, anxiety, and anger related to self, family, and coworker safety threats	Practice compassion for oneself, altruism, and compassion for others	Provide simple guidelines on PPE, problems with practice, preventing virus transmission
Hyperarousal, fear, and a feeling of lack of control	Maximize self-efficacy practices, establish a customized resilience strategy for hyperarousal control, reduce media and intoxicant intake and pursue individual therapy.	Recognizing doubt and change, fostering optimism and restricting communications
Depression in the context of personal identity, sorrow and disturbance	Practice self-compassion and hope, actively participate where possible in constructive assertive control	Recognizing losses and minimizing the use of unessential words
Loneliness and loneliness due to alienation from society	Foster mutual effectiveness, experience and share personal stories, share optimistic feelings	Encourage mutual effectiveness
Reactions from post-stress and occupational burnout	Using peer help and preventing further repercussions by finding clinical assistance	Encourage ongoing support initiatives for peers and access to mental health resources