Table 1.
Characteristics of people with HIV and HIV-uninfected people admitted to hospital with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, South Africa (n=219 265)
| People with HIV (n=13 793) | People without HIV (n=137 986) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) unimputed | p value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) unimputed | p value | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) imputed | p value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) imputed | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | ||||||||||
| Female | 8884/83 607 (10·6%) | 74 723/83 607 (89·4%) | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. |
| Male | 4893/68 090 (7·2%) | 63 197/68 090 (92·8%) | 0·75 (0·72–0·78) | <0·0001 | 0·75 (0·71–0·80) | <0·0001 | 0·78 (0·75–0·80) | <0·0001 | 0·73 (0·70–0·75) | <0·0001 |
| Age, years | ||||||||||
| <20 | 227/5067 (4·5%) | 4840/5067 (95·5%) | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. |
| 20–39 | 4616/28 833 (16·0%) | 24 217/28 833 (84·0%) | 5·08 (4·35–5·92) | <0·0001 | 5·60 (4·42–7·09) | <0·0001 | 5·20 (4·32–6·26) | <0·0001 | 5·29 (4·39–6·38) | <0·0001 |
| 40–59 | 6851/62 529 (11·0%) | 55 678/62 529 (89·0%) | 4·03 (3·46–4·70) | <0·0001 | 6·88 (5·43–8·71) | <0·0001 | 4·26 (3·60–5·03) | <0·0001 | 5·42 (4·59–6·40) | <0·0001 |
| 60–69 | 1574/28 957 (5·4%) | 27 383/28 957 (94·6%) | 1·37 (1·17–1·61) | <0·0001 | 2·69 (2·10–3·45) | <0·0001 | 1·53 (1·29–1·81) | <0·0001 | 1·97 (1·65–2·35) | <0·0001 |
| 70–79 | 435/17 487 (2·5%) | 17 052/17 487 (97·5%) | 0·58 (0·48–0·69) | <0·0001 | 0·97 (0·73–1·28) | 0·82 | 0·66 (0·54–0·82) | 0·0005 | 0·80 (0·64–0·99) | 0·040 |
| ≥80 | 90/8906 (1·0%) | 8816/8906 (99·0%) | 0·26 (0·20–0·33) | <0·0001 | 0·41 (0·27–0·61) | <0·0001 | 0·30 (0·22–0·42) | <0·0001 | 0·33 (0·23–0·48) | <0·0001 |
| Race or ethnicity | ||||||||||
| White | 55/10 499 (0·5%) | 10 444/10 499 (99·5%) | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. |
| Black | 10 680/68 961 (15·5%) | 58 281/68 961 (84·5%) | 11·37 (8·61–15·02) | <0·0001 | 8·71 (6·19–12·27) | <0·0001 | 13·07 (9·96–17·17) | <0·0001 | 8·87 (6·80–11·58) | <0·0001 |
| Mixed | 210/5917 (3·5%) | 5707/5917 (96·5%) | 2·72 (1·98–3·73) | <0·0001 | 2·03 (1·38–2·99) | 0·0003 | 2·43 (1·73–3·42) | <0·0001 | 1·75 (1·26–2·44) | 0·0017 |
| Indian | 43/6588 (0·7%) | 6543/6588 (99·3%) | 0·60 (0·39–0·90) | 0·015 | 0·50 (0·30–0·83) | 0·0072 | 0·70 (0·45–1·09) | 0·11 | 0·54 (0·35–0·86) | 0·010 |
| Hypertension | ||||||||||
| No | 8042/98 473 (8·2%) | 90 431/98 473 (91·8%) | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. |
| Yes | 3857/50 770 (7·6%) | 46 913/50 770 (92·4%) | 0·51 (0·49–0·54) | <0·0001 | 0·75 (0·70–0·81) | <0·0001 | 0·58 (0·55–0·60) | <0·0001 | 0·87 (0·83–0·92) | <0·0001 |
| Diabetes | ||||||||||
| No | 8954/111 449 (8·0%) | 102 495/111 449 (92·0%) | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. |
| Yes | 2669/37 305 (7·2%) | 34 636/37 305 (92·8%) | 0·44 (0·42–0·47) | <0·0001 | 0·55 (0·51–0·59) | <0·0001 | 0·53 (0·50–0·55) | <0·0001 | 0·62 (0·58–0·66) | <0·0001 |
| Chronic cardiac disease | ||||||||||
| No | 10 284/142 253 (7·2%) | 131 969/142 253 (92·8%) | 1 (ref) | .. | .. | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. |
| Yes | 293/3374 (8·7%) | 3081/3374 (91·3%) | 0·79 (0·69–0·90) | <0·0001 | .. | .. | 1·12 (1·00–1·25) | 0·044 | 1·41 (1·24–1·60) | <0·0001 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease or asthma | ||||||||||
| No | 9943/137 862 (7·2%) | 127 919/137 862 (92·8%) | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. |
| Yes | 975/9626 (10·1%) | 8651/9626 (89·9%) | 0·79 (0·73–0·85) | <0·0001 | 0·85 (0·75–0·96) | 0·0093 | 0·93 (0·87–0·99) | 0·021 | 0·89 (0·82–0·97) | 0·0063 |
| Chronic renal disease | ||||||||||
| No | 9982/141 708 (7·0%) | 131 726/141 708 (93·0%) | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. |
| Yes | 541/3746 (14·4%) | 3205/3746 (85·6%) | 0·93 (0·84–1·02) | 0·13 | 1·72 (1·47–2·02) | <0·0001 | 1·26 (1·16–1·38) | <0·0001 | 1·88 (1·69–2·09) | <0·0001 |
| Malignancy in the past 5 years | ||||||||||
| No | 10 284/144 246 (7·1%) | 133 962/144 246 (92·9%) | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. |
| Yes | 154/985 (15·6%) | 831/985 (84·4%) | 1·78 (1·47–2·16) | <0·0001 | 1·35 (1·04–1·75) | 0·022 | 2·15 (1·86–2·48) | <0·0001 | 1·98 (1·59–2·46) | <0·0001 |
| Tuberculosis | ||||||||||
| Never | 7807/138 842 (5·6%) | 131 035/138 842 (94·4%) | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. |
| Past | 1207/2960 (40·8%) | 1753/2960 (59·2%) | 4·81 (4·41–5·24) | <0·0001 | 4·88 (4·22–5·64) | <0·0001 | 4·24 (3·92–4·59) | <0·0001 | 3·55 (3·20–3·95) | <0·0001 |
| Current | 360/954 (37·7%) | 594/954 (62·3%) | 9·44 (7·99–11·15) | <0·0001 | 7·35 (6·07–8·92) | <0·0001 | 6·42 (5·55–7·42) | <0·0001 | 5·55 (4·64–6·65) | <0·0001 |
| Current and past | 745/1259 (59·2%) | 514/1259 (40·8%) | 7·98 (6·97–9·12) | <0·0001 | 6·84 (5·39–8·70) | <0·0001 | 14·30 (13·05–15·66) | <0·0001 | 11·19 (9·98–12·54) | <0·0001 |
| Health sector | ||||||||||
| Private | 2057/94 167 (2·2%) | 92 110/94 167 (97·8%) | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. |
| Public | 11 736/57 612 (20·4%) | 45 876/57 612 (79·6%) | 21·86 (16·78–28·46) | <0·0001 | 6·51 (5·22–8·12) | <0·0001 | 17·89 (14·90–21·48) | <0·0001 | 13·59 (11·51–16·04) | <0·0001 |
| Province | ||||||||||
| Western Cape | 4178/34 530 (12·1%) | 30 352/34 530 (87·9%) | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. |
| Eastern Cape | 1898/20 468 (9·3%) | 18 570/20 468 (90·7%) | 1·74 (0·97–3·13) | 0·062 | 0·25 (0·18–0·36) | <0·0001 | 1·45 (0·89–2·35) | 0·13 | 0·65 (0·50–0·84) | 0·0010 |
| Free State | 866/10 453 (8·3%) | 9587/10 453 (91·7%) | 1·23 (0·61–2·50) | 0·56 | 0·32 (0·22–0·48) | <0·0001 | 1·10 (0·61–1·96) | 0·76 | 0·74 (0·55–1·01) | 0·059 |
| Gauteng | 1603/35 337 (4·5%) | 33 734/35 337 (95·5%) | 0·37 (0·21–0·66) | 0·0007 | 0·23 (0·16–0·33) | <0·0001 | 0·38 (0·24–0·61) | <0·0001 | 0·76 (0·59–0·98) | 0·034 |
| KwaZulu-Natal | 3321/30 459 (10·9%) | 27 138/30 459 (89·1%) | 1·76 (0·99–3·12) | 0·052 | 0·46 (0·33–0·63) | <0·0001 | 1·65 (1·04–2·64) | 0·035 | 1·50 (1·17–1·92) | 0·0014 |
| Limpopo | 469/5790 (8·1%) | 5321/5790 (91·9%) | 2·97 (1·45–6·09) | 0·0030 | 0·27 (0·18–0·42) | <0·0001 | 1·88 (1·04–3·39) | 0·036 | 0·74 (0·55–1·01) | 0·059 |
| Mpumalanga | 612/5173 (11·8%) | 4561/5173 (88·2%) | 5·79 (2·61–12·84) | <0·0001 | 0·25 (0·15–0·41) | <0·0001 | 3·27 (1·73–6·18) | <0·0001 | 1·64 (1·17–2·30) | 0·0039 |
| North West | 722/7196 (10·0%) | 6474/7196 (90·0%) | 1·11 (0·44–2·81) | 0·82 | 0·24 (0·14–0·43) | <0·0001 | 1·30 (0·62–2·71) | 0·49 | 1·07 (0·73–1·57) | 0·73 |
| Northern Cape | 124/2373 (5·2%) | 2249/2373 (94·8%) | 1·28 (0·43–3·77) | 0·66 | 0·26 (0·12–0·57) | 0·0007 | 0·88 (0·37–2·06) | 0·76 | 0·75 (0·48–1·20) | 0·23 |
| Outcome | ||||||||||
| Discharged alive | 10 386/117 675 (8·8%) | 107 289/117 675 (91·2%) | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. |
| Died in hospital | 3407/34 104 (10·0%) | 30 697/34 104 (90·0%) | 0·83 (0·79–0·87) | <0·0001 | 1·23 (1·15–1·33) | <0·0001 | 0·86 (0·82–0·90) | <0·0001 | 1·25 (1·18–1·33) | <0·0001 |
Data are n/N (%) unless otherwise stated. OR=odds ratio.