Table 4.
Effect of single or multiple non-communicable comorbidities on COVID-19 in-hospital mortality among patients admitted to hospital with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, South Africa
| Case fatality ratio unimputed | Case fatality ratio (95% CI) imputed | Adjusted OR (95% CI) imputed* | p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Any individual | |||||
| Comorbid condition | |||||
| No comorbidity | 2507/15 469 (16·2%) | 15·6% (15·3–15·9) | 1 (ref) | .. | |
| One comorbidity | 3764/14 402 (26·1%) | 24·1% (23·7–24·6) | 1·34 (1·28–1·39) | <0·0001 | |
| Two comorbidities | 3477/10 137 (34·3%) | 31·7% (31·2–32·2) | 1·66 (1·59–1·74) | <0·0001 | |
| Three or more comorbidities | 1353/3317 (40·8%) | 41·5% (40·7–42·3) | 2·40 (2·28–2·53) | <0·0001 | |
| HIV-negative individuals | |||||
| Comorbid condition | |||||
| No comorbidity | 2074/12 993 (16·0%) | 15·6% (15·3–15·9) | 1 (ref) | .. | |
| One comorbidity | 3277/12 586 (26·0%) | 24·3% (23·8–24·8) | 1·34 (1·28–1·40) | <0·0001 | |
| Two comorbidities | 3082/8962 (34·4%) | 32·0% (31·4–32·6) | 1·66 (1·58–1·74) | <0·0001 | |
| Three or more comorbidities | 1159/2858 (40·6%) | 41·5% (40·4–42·5) | 2·39 (2·24–2·54) | <0·0001 | |
| HIV-positive individuals | |||||
| Comorbid condition | |||||
| No comorbidity | 341/2073 (16·4%) | 15·6% (14·6–16·6) | 1 (ref) | .. | |
| One comorbidity | 384/1524 (25·2%) | 23·2% (21·9–24·5) | 1·34 (1·20–1·49) | <0·0001 | |
| Two comorbidities | 292/932 (31·3%) | 29·4% (27·7–31·0) | 1·67 (1·48–1·90) | <0·0001 | |
| Three or more comorbidities | 143/352 (40·6%) | 41·9% (40·0–43·8) | 2·46 (2·22–2·73) | <0·0001 | |
| Interaction effect of multiple comorbidities with HIV infection (HIV-negative is the reference group) | |||||
| Comorbid condition | |||||
| No comorbidity | NA | NA | 1 (ref) | .. | |
| One comorbidity | NA | NA | 1·00 (0·89–1·12) | 0·98 | |
| Two comorbidities | NA | NA | 1·01 (0·89–1·15) | 0·88 | |
| Three or more comorbidities | NA | NA | 1·03 (0·90–1·17) | 0·65 | |
Comorbid conditions included were a combination of hypertension, chronic cardiac or renal disease, diabetes, malignancy in the past 5 years, and past or current tuberculosis. NA=not applicable.
*
Model adjusted for age, sex, race or ethnicity, HIV (for the non-stratified model on HIV status only), health sector, province, and month of admission.