Table 1.

Functions of ginkgolides; based on S. Omar “Ginkgolides and Neuroprotective Effects”

Function	Ginkgolide	Effect
Anti-inflammatory	A, B, C, J	IL-5 and IL-13 inhibition MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibition TLR (toll-like receptor) inhibition Inhibitor of arachidonic acid inflammatory pathway
Anti-coagulant	B	PAF (platelet-activating factor) inhibition
Anti-oxidative	A, B	NF-kB (Nuclear factor kappa B) inhibition
Anti-apoptotic	A, C, J, M, K	TNF receptor inhibition
Anti-oxidative	B, C, J, M	Free radical scavengers