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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Surg Res. 2021 May 17;266:180–191. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2021.04.004

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

PRISMA Literature Selection Flow Diagram

Notes: a) We included only randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, and case control studies that were published in a peer-review journal, written in English, and involved human subjects. Included articles also contained at least one age-related risk factor as an independent variable.