Table 2.
Least-square means, standard errors (SE), mean differences from pre-injury, and Tukey-adjusted p-values for surgical and non-surgical limb running biomechanical variables of interest at all time-points. A negative value notes a deficit in the post-operative collection compared to pre-injury.
| Biomechanical Variable | Limb | Pre-Injury | 4-Months | 6-Months | 8-Months | 12-Months | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | Mean Difference from Pre-Injury (% Change) | p-value | Mean (SE) | Mean Difference from Pre-Injury (% Change) | p-value | Mean (SE) | Mean Difference from Pre-Injury (% Change) | p-value | Mean (SE) | Mean Difference from Pre-Injury (% Change) | p-value | ||
| Vertical Ground Reaction Force Impulse (Ns/kg) | Surgical | 3.58 (0.07) | 3.27 (0.07) | −0.31 (−8.7%) | <0.001 | 3.34 (0.07) | −0.24 (−6.7%) | <0.001 | 3.45 (0.07) | −0.13 (−3.6%) | 0.13 | 3.46 (0.08) | −0.12 (−3.4%) | 0.36 |
| Non-Surgical | 3.54 (0.07) | 3.65 (0.07) | 0.11 (3.1%) | 0.22 | 3.66 (0.07) | 0.12 (3.4%) | 0.13 | 3.69 (0.07) | 0.15 (4.2%) | 0.04 | 3.57 (0.07) | 0.03 (0.8%) | 0.99 | |
| Braking Ground Reaction Force Impulse (Ns/kg) | Surgical | 0.21 (0.007) | 0.17 (0.008) | −0.04 (−19.0%) | <0.001 | 0.18 (0.008) | −0.03 (−14.3%) | <0.001 | 0.19 (0.008) | −0.02 (−9.5%) | 0.01 | 0.20 (0.008) | −0.01 (−4.8%) | 0.87 |
| Non-Surgical | 0.21 (0.007) | 0.24 (0.008) | 0.03 (14.3%) | <0.001 | 0.25 (0.008) | 0.04 (19.0%) | <0.001 | 0.25 (0.008) | 0.04 (19.0%) | <0.001 | 0.24 (0.008) | 0.03 (14.3%) | 0.004 | |
| Peak Knee Flexion Angle During Stance (°) | Surgical | 45.2 (1.5) | 32.0 (1.6) | −13.2 (−29.2%) | <0.001 | 35.3 (1.6) | −9.9 (−21.9%) | <0.001 | 35.4 (1.6) | −9.8 (−21.7%) | <0.001 | 36.2 (1.74) | −9.0 (−19.9%) | <0.001 |
| Non-Surgical | 45.1 (1.5) | 45.6 (1.6) | 0.5 (1.1%) | 0.99 | 45.9 (1.6) | 0.8 (1.8%) | 0.99 | 45.0 (1.6) | −0.1 (−0.2%) | 0.99 | 43.1 (1.7) | −2.0 (−4.4%) | 0.94 | |
| Peak Knee Extensor Moment (Nm/kg) | Surgical | 2.31 (0.12) | 0.99 (0.14) | −1.32 (−57.1%) | <0.001 | 1.27 (0.13) | −1.04 (−45.0%) | <0.001 | 1.27 (0.14) | −1.04 (−45.0%) | <0.001 | 1.44 (0.15) | −0.87 (−37.7%) | <0.001 |
| Non-Surgical | 2.23 (0.12) | 2.37 (0.14) | 0.14 (6.3%) | 0.98 | 2.40 (0.13) | 0.17 (7.6%) | 0.94 | 2.31 (0.14) | 0.08 (3.6%) | 0.99 | 2.07 (0.15) | −0.16 (−7.2%) | 0.98 | |
| Rate of Knee Extensor Moment (Nm/kg/s) | Surgical | 49.10 (2.52) | 26.42 (2.76) | −22.68 (−46.2%) | <0.001 | 31.21 (2.70) | −17.89 (−36.4%) | <0.001 | 31.63 (2.77) | −17.47 (−35.6%) | <0.001 | 33.04 (2.97) | −16.06 (−32.7%) | <0.001 |
| Non-Surgical | 47.61 (2.52) | 50.10 (2.76) | 2.49 (5.2%) | 0.99 | 49.89 (2.70) | 2.28 (4.8%) | 0.99 | 47.64 (2.77) | 0.03 (0.1%) | 0.99 | 43.65 (2.97) | −3.96 (−8.3%) | 0.88 | |