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. 2021 Aug 4;11:15835. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-95180-7

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Permeabilization of DU 145 cells by 25, 200 ns PEFs bursts evidenced by YO-PRO-1 dye uptake. Cells were permeabilized in suspension in a 1-mm gap electroporation cuvette. (a) Flow cytometry analysis data presented on one-dimensional histograms. The graphs represent the data form one representative experiment. (b) The permeability of cells as a function of electric field frequency. The graph is representative of three independent experiments. Data are mean ± SD (n = 3 independent experiments). The effect of nsPEF was measured at two different electric field intensities. 25-pulse, 200-ns bursts become significantly more efficient at MHz. (c) The shape of high-frequency nsPEF delivered to 1 mm electroporation cuvettes.