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. 2021 Aug 4;11:15803. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-95216-y

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The independent association between sodium excretion (Model 1, solid bars) as well as sodium density (excretion per 1000 kcals; Model 2, open bars) and measured hypertension (≥ 140 and/or 90 mm/Hg). Results from a multivariate logistic regression indicating the higher odds for elevated blood pressure (≥ 140 and/or 90 mm/Hg) as a function of highest sodium excretion (per 1000 Kcals)—independent of other explanatory variables (age, sex, BMI categories, coronary heart disease, diabetes, ideal physical activity and smoking status). As compared to the lowest level (Q1), the highest level of sodium excretion (represented as Q4) was significantly and positively associated with higher odds for hypertension. Adjusted for: the presence of diabetes (0 = no; 1 = yes), coronary heart disease (0 = no; 1 = yes), age (up to 43.9 = 0; 44–65 = 1), smoking (0 = no or in the past; 1 = yes), ideal physical activity (As recommended by the American College of Sports Medicine [ACSM]-150 weekly minutes or more of moderate intensity or 75 weekly minutes of intense physical activity; 0 = no; 1 = yes) and BMI categories (1. up to 18.5 2. 18.5–24.99 3. 25–29.99 4. 30–34.99 5. above or equal 35 [category 1 = reference]) and sex (0 = female; 1 = male).