TABLE 4.
Pre- and post-intervention tests of physical biomarkers.
| Intention-to-treat analysis (n = 18) |
Per protocol analysis (n = 15) |
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| Within-group effect | Between-group effect (Time × group) | Within-group effect | Between-group effect (Time × group) | |||||||||||||||||
| Pre-intervention (T0) | Post-intervention (T1)a | ES | T1-T0b | F | p | ES | Pre-intervention (T0) | Post-intervention (T1)a | ES | T1-T0b | F | p | ES | |||||||
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | d | Mean | SE | η2 | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | d | Mean | SE | η2 | |||||
| Body mass index | 4.37 | 0.05 | 0.21 | 4.00 | 0.07 | 0.24 | ||||||||||||||
| I-BMS | 21.25 | 4.50 | 20.92 | 4.39 | −0.08 | −0.34* | 0.12 | 21.56 | 4.71 | 21.18 | 4.62 | −0.08 | −0.38* | 0.13 | ||||||
| Control | 21.35 | 3.38 | 21.35 | 3.37 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.12 | 20.61 | 1.65 | 20.61 | 1.62 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.14 | ||||||
| Testosterone (ng/mL) | 23.08 | 0.000 | 0.59 | 29.00 | 0.000 | 0.69 | ||||||||||||||
| I-BMS | 0.72 | 0.19 | 0.54*** | 0.18 | −0.97 | −0.18*** | 0.03 | 0.71 | 0.20 | 0.51*** | 0.17 | −1.08 | −0.20*** | 0.03 | ||||||
| Control | 0.77 | 0.24 | 0.79 | 0.26 | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.69 | 0.19 | 0.71 | 0.23 | 0.10 | 0.02 | 0.03 | ||||||
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.36 | 0.27 | 0.08 | 1.77 | 0.21 | 0.12 | ||||||||||||||
| I-BMS | 4.75 | 0.66 | 4.67 | 0.57 | −0.12 | −0.08 | 0.17 | 4.73 | 0.71 | 4.64 | 0.60 | −0.14 | −0.09 | 0.19 | ||||||
| Control | 4.47 | 1.09 | 4.12 | 0.72 | −0.26 | −0.35 | 0.17 | 4.72 | 1.06 | 4.27 | 0.67 | −0.51 | −0.45 | 0.20 | ||||||
| TG (mmol/L) | 7.91 | 0.01 | 0.33 | 8.18 | 0.01 | 0.39 | ||||||||||||||
| I-BMS | 1.01 | 0.43 | 0.83* | 0.35 | −0.41 | −0.17* | 0.07 | 1.06 | 0.42 | 0.87* | 0.36 | −0.49 | −0.20* | 0.08 | ||||||
| Control | 0.88 | 0.31 | 0.98 | 0.36 | 0.28 | 0.10 | 0.07 | 0.86 | 0.33 | 0.99 | 0.40 | 0.36 | 0.13 | 0.08 | ||||||
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 0.04 | 0.85 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.87 | 0.00 | ||||||||||||||
| I-BMS | 1.51 | 0.34 | 1.54 | 0.29 | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 1.50 | 0.36 | 1.53 | 0.31 | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.08 | ||||||
| Control | 1.52 | 0.49 | 1.53 | 0.48 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 1.58 | 0.50 | 1.59 | 0.48 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.08 | ||||||
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 0.55 | 0.47 | 0.03 | 0.92 | 0.36 | 0.07 | ||||||||||||||
| I-BMS | 3.19 | 0.67 | 3.02 | 0.57 | −0.27 | −0.17 | 0.13 | 3.19 | 0.72 | 3.00 | 0.61 | −0.29 | −0.20 | 0.15 | ||||||
| Control | 2.82 | 1.24 | 2.51 | 0.90 | −0.17 | −0.31 | 0.13 | 3.05 | 1.23 | 2.64 | 0.84 | −0.39 | −0.40 | 0.16 | ||||||
| TG/HDL-C | 5.90 | 0.03 | 0.27 | 5.80 | 0.03 | 0.31 | ||||||||||||||
| I-BMS | 0.73 | 0.44 | 0.58* | 0.33 | −0.32 | −0.15* | 0.06 | 0.78 | 0.44 | 0.61* | 0.34 | −0.43 | −0.05 | 0.16 | ||||||
| Control | 0.65 | 0.34 | 0.70 | 0.33 | 0.16 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.58 | 0.25 | 0.65 | 0.26 | 0.27 | 0.20 | 0.19 | ||||||
TG, triglycerides; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; SD, standard deviation; ES, effect size; SE, standard error. aWithin-group difference using paired t-test. bBetween-group difference using independent t-test. *p < 0.05; ***p < 0.001.