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. 2021 Jul 22;12:696015. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.696015

Figure 2.

Figure 2

The effects of bilingualism on delaying the onset of dementia. The L2 language exposure increases brain activity and cognitive reserve. Specifically, bilingualism increases non-verbal activity but decreases verbal activity. The underlying mechanisms might include brain mechanisms and biochemical mechanisms. Bilingualism-enhanced cognitive reserve effectively protects the brain structure and maintains the homeostasis of biochemical factors.