Table 1.
The 100 top-cited studies on dyslexia based on total citations.
| Ranking | Title | Journal | Total citation | Publication year | Mean citation per year | Country | Impact factor in the year of publication* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Reading acquisition, developmental dyslexia, and skilled reading across languages: a psycholinguistic grain size theory | Psychological Bulletin | 1,456 | 2005 | 91 | France | 9.746 |
| 2 | Specific reading disability (dyslexia): what have we learned in the past four decades? | Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry | 1,359 | 2004 | 80 | USA | 2.782 |
| 3 | The double-deficit hypothesis for the developmental dyslexias | Journal of Educational Psychology | 1,048 | 1999 | 48 | USA | 1.893 |
| 4 | Rapid automatized naming (ran)—dyslexia differentiated from other learning-disabilities | Neuropsychologia | 970 | 1976 | 22 | USA | N/A |
| 5 | Developmental dyslexia–4 consecutive patients with cortical anomalies | Annals of Neurology | 955 | 1985 | 27 | USA | N/A |
| 6 | A definition of dyslexia | Annals of Dyslexia | 863 | 2003 | 48 | USA | 1.261 |
| 7 | Theories of developmental dyslexia: insights from a multiple case study of dyslexic adults | Brain | 832 | 2003 | 46 | France | 7.967 |
| 8 | To see but not to read; the magnocellular theory of dyslexia | Trends in Neurosciences | 724 | 1997 | 30 | UK | 17.084 |
| 9 | Developmental dyslexia and specific language impairment: same or different? | Psychological Bulletin | 698 | 2004 | 41 | UK | 7.701 |
| 10 | Physiological and anatomical evidence for a magnocellular defect in developmental dyslexia | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | 668 | 1991 | 22 | USA | N/A |
| 11 | Dyslexia: cultural diversity and biological unity | Science | 665 | 2001 | 33 | Italy | 23.329 |
| 12 | Varieties of developmental dyslexia | Cognition | 635 | 1993 | 23 | Australia | N/A |
| 13 | Disruption of posterior brain systems for reading in children with developmental dyslexia | Biological Psychiatry | 631 | 2002 | 33 | USA | 5.915 |
| 14 | Phonology, reading acquisition, and dyslexia: insights from connectionist models | Psychological Review | 598 | 1999 | 27 | USA | 6.803 |
| 15 | Functional disruption in the organization of the brain for reading in dyslexia | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | 598 | 1998 | 26 | USA | 9.821 |
| 16 | Deep dyslexia—a case-study of connectionist neuropsychology | Cognitive Neuropsychology | 586 | 1993 | 21 | USA | N/A |
| 17 | Intensive remedial instruction for children with severe reading disabilities: immediate and long-term outcomes from two Instructional approaches | Journal of Learning Disabilities | 550 | 2001 | 28 | USA | 1.333 |
| 18 | Cognitive profiles of difficult-to-remediate and readily remediated poor readers: early intervention as a vehicle for distinguishing between cognitive and experiential deficits as basic causes of specific reading disability | Journal of Educational Psychology | 537 | 1996 | 21 | USA | N/A |
| 19 | Developmental dyslexia: the cerebellar deficit hypothesis | Trends in Neurosciences | 511 | 2001 | 26 | UK | 16.475 |
| 20 | Neural deficits in children with dyslexia ameliorated by behavioral remediation: evidence from functional MRI | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | 496 | 2003 | 28 | USA | 10.272 |
| 21 | Developmental dyslexia—diagnostic approach based on 3 atypical reading-spelling patterns | Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology | 492 | 1973 | 10 | USA | N/A |
| 22 | The evidence for a temporal processing deficit linked to dyslexia: a review | Psychonomic Bulletin & Review | 490 | 1995 | 19 | Canada | N/A |
| 23 | Current concepts—dyslexia | New England Journal of Medicine | 477 | 1998 | 21 | USA | 28.660 |
| 24 | What is special about face recognition? Nineteen experiments on a person with visual object agnosia and dyslexia but normal face recognition | Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience | 477 | 1997 | 20 | Canada | 4.844 |
| 25 | Abnormal processing of visual motion in dyslexia revealed by functional brain imaging | Nature | 477 | 1996 | 19 | USA | N/A |
| 26 | Developmental dyslexia: specific phonological deficit or general sensorimotor dysfunction? | Current Opinion in Neurobiology | 469 | 2003 | 26 | France | 9.727 |
| 27 | Persistence of dyslexics phonological awareness deficits | Developmental Psychology | 467 | 1992 | 16 | Canada | N/A |
| 28 | Dyslexia (specific reading disability) | Biological Psychiatry | 461 | 2005 | 29 | USA | 6.779 |
| 29 | Evidence that dyslexia may represent the lower tail of a normal-distribution of reading-ability | New England Journal of Medicine | 459 | 1992 | 16 | USA | N/A |
| 30 | Brain morphology in developmental dyslexia and attention-deficit disorder hyperactivity | Archives of Neurology | 454 | 1990 | 15 | USA | N/A |
| 31 | Characteristics of developmental dyslexia in a regular writing system | Applied Psycholinguistics | 443 | 1993 | 16 | Austria | N/A |
| 32 | Quantitative trait locus for reading-disability on chromosome-6 | Science | 436 | 1994 | 16 | USA | N/A |
| 33 | Functional connectivity of the angular gyrus in normal reading and dyslexia | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | 432 | 1998 | 19 | USA | 9.821 |
| 34 | The non-word reading deficit in developmental dyslexia—a review | Reading Research Quarterly | 432 | 1992 | 15 | UK | N/A |
| 35 | Is developmental dyslexia a disconnection syndrome? Evidence from pet scanning | Brain | 412 | 1996 | 16 | UK | N/A |
| 36 | Explicit and implicit processing of words and pseudowords by adult developmental dyslexics—a search for wernicke's wortschatz? | Brain | 403 | 1999 | 18 | UK | 7.374 |
| 37 | A temporal sampling framework for developmental dyslexia | Trends in Cognitive Sciences | 401 | 2011 | 40 | UK | 12.586 |
| 38 | Lesioning an attractor network—investigations of acquired dyslexia | Psychological Review | 401 | 1991 | 13 | Canada | N/A |
| 39 | Developmental dyslexia: the visual attention span deficit hypothesis | Cognition | 399 | 2007 | 29 | France | 3.831 |
| 40 | The neurological basis of developmental dyslexia—an overview and working hypothesis | Brain | 398 | 2000 | 19 | Canada | 7.303 |
| 41 | Developmental lag vs. deficit models of reading disability: a longitudinal, individual growth curves analysis | Journal of Educational Psychology | 397 | 1996 | 16 | USA | N/A |
| 42 | Word-form dyslexia | Brain | 396 | 1980 | 10 | UK | N/A |
| 43 | Theoretical links among naming speed, precise timing mechanisms and orthographic skill in dyslexia | Reading and Writing | 391 | 1993 | 14 | Canada | N/A |
| 44 | Cytoarchitectonic abnormalities in developmental dyslexia—case-study | Annals of Neurology | 391 | 1979 | 9 | USA | N/A |
| 45 | Cognitive profiles of reading-disability—comparisons of discrepancy and low achievement definitions | Journal of Educational Psychology | 388 | 1994 | 14 | USA | N/A |
| 46 | Neuropsychological analyses of comorbidity between reading disability and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: in search of the common deficit | Developmental Neuropsychology | 387 | 2005 | 24 | USA | 2.443 |
| 47 | Susceptibility loci for distinct components of developmental dyslexia on chromosomes 6 and 15 | American Journal of Human Genetics | 376 | 1997 | 16 | USA | 10.244 |
| 48 | The impact of orthographic consistency on dyslexia: a German-English comparison | Cognition | 373 | 1997 | 16 | Austria | 2.973 |
| 49 | Functional neuroimaging studies of reading and reading disability (developmental dyslexia) | Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews | 358 | 2000 | 17 | USA | 0.800 |
| 50 | Phonemic deficits in developmental dyslexia | Psychological Research-Psychologische Forschung | 348 | 1981 | 9 | UK | N/A |
| 51 | Is preschool language impairment a risk factor for dyslexia in adolescence? | Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines | 342 | 2000 | 16 | UK | 2.940 |
| 52 | Dyslexia: a deficit in visuo-spatial attention, not in phonological processing | Trends in Cognitive Sciences | 340 | 2010 | 31 | Australia | 9.686 |
| 53 | Are specific language impairment and dyslexia distinct disorders? | Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research | 336 | 2005 | 21 | USA | 1.725 |
| 54 | Impaired processing of rapid stimulus sequences in dyslexia | Trends in Cognitive Sciences | 336 | 2001 | 17 | Finland | 11.606 |
| 55 | Amplitude envelope onsets and developmental dyslexia: a new hypothesis | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | 329 | 2002 | 17 | UK | 10.700 |
| 56 | Rapid automatized naming (ran) and reading fluency: implications for understanding and treatment of reading disabilities | Annual Review of Psychology | 328 | 2012 | 36 | USA | 15.265 |
| 57 | Automaticity—a new framework for dyslexia research | Cognition | 319 | 1990 | 10 | UK | N/A |
| 58 | Family risk of dyslexia is continuous: individual differences in the precursors of reading skill | Child Development | 310 | 2003 | 17 | UK | 3.324 |
| 59 | Predicting dyslexia from kindergarten: the importance of distinctness of phonological representations of lexical items | Reading Research Quarterly | 309 | 1998 | 13 | Denmark | 1.541 |
| 60 | Sensitivity to dynamic auditory and visual stimuli predicts non-word reading ability in both dyslexic and normal readers | Current Biology | 303 | 1998 | 13 | UK | 7.855 |
| 61 | Dyslexia in children and young-adults–3 independent neuropsychological syndromes | Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology | 303 | 1975 | 7 | USA | N/A |
| 62 | Neural systems for compensation and persistence: young adult outcome of childhood reading disability | Biological Psychiatry | 301 | 2003 | 17 | USA | 6.039 |
| 63 | On the bases of two subtypes of development dyslexia | Cognition | 299 | 1996 | 12 | USA | N/A |
| 64 | Relations among speech, language, and reading disorders | Annual Review of Psychology | 295 | 2009 | 25 | USA | 22.750 |
| 65 | Neurobiological studies of reading and reading disability | Journal of Communication Disorders | 295 | 2001 | 15 | USA | 0.640 |
| 66 | Word-recognition skills of adults with childhood diagnoses of dyslexia | Developmental Psychology | 295 | 1990 | 10 | Canada | N/A |
| 67 | Biological abnormality of impaired reading is constrained by culture | Nature | 294 | 2004 | 17 | China | 32.182 |
| 68 | Developmental dyslexia | Lancet | 293 | 2004 | 17 | France | 21.713 |
| 69 | Subtypes of reading disability: variability around a phonological core | Journal of Educational Psychology | 291 | 1998 | 13 | USA | 1.595 |
| 70 | Understanding Chinese developmental dyslexia: morphological awareness as a core cognitive construct | Journal of Educational Psychology | 290 | 2006 | 19 | China | 2.025 |
| 71 | On the specifics of specific reading disability and specific language impairment | Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines | 286 | 2000 | 14 | UK | 2.940 |
| 72 | DCDC2 is associated with reading disability and modulates neuronal development in the brain | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | 285 | 2005 | 18 | USA | 10.231 |
| 73 | Dyslexia: a new synergy between education and cognitive neuroscience | Science | 284 | 2009 | 24 | USA | 29.747 |
| 74 | Toward a definition of dyslexia | Annals of Dyslexia | 284 | 1995 | 11 | USA | N/A |
| 75 | Estimating the risk of future reading difficulties in kindergarten children: a research-based model and its clinical implementation | Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools | 282 | 2001 | 14 | USA | 0.558 |
| 76 | Early reading development in children at family risk for dyslexia | Child Development | 281 | 2001 | 14 | USA | 2.583 |
| 77 | Developmental dyslexia | Lancet | 279 | 2012 | 31 | USA | 39.060 |
| 78 | Functional abnormalities in the dyslexic brain: a quantitative meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies | Human Brain Mapping | 278 | 2009 | 23 | Austria | 6.256 |
| 79 | Contrast sensitivity and coherent motion detection measured at photopic luminance levels in dyslexics and controls | Vision Research | 276 | 1995 | 11 | UK | N/A |
| 80 | Evidence for aberrant auditory anatomy in developmental dyslexia | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | 275 | 1994 | 10 | USA | N/A |
| 81 | Psychiatric comorbidity in children and adolescents with reading disability | Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry | 274 | 2000 | 13 | USA | 2.940 |
| 82 | Persistence of dyslexia: the Connecticut longitudinal study at adolescence | Pediatrics | 270 | 1999 | 12 | USA | 3.487 |
| 83 | Functional and morphometric brain dissociation between dyslexia and reading ability | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of The United States of America | 269 | 2007 | 19 | USA | 9.598 |
| 84 | Dyslexia-specific brain activation profile becomes normal following successful remedial training | Neurology | 268 | 2002 | 14 | USA | 5.340 |
| 85 | A candidate gene for developmental dyslexia encodes a nuclear tetratricopeptide repeat domain protein dynamically regulated in brain | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of The United States of America | 264 | 2003 | 15 | Finland | 10.272 |
| 86 | Neural systems predicting long-term outcome in dyslexia | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | 263 | 2011 | 26 | USA | 9.681 |
| 87 | Developmental dyslexia in women—neuropathological findings in 3 patients | Annals of Neurology | 262 | 1990 | 8 | USA | N/A |
| 88 | MRI evaluation of the size and symmetry of the planum-temporale in adolescents with developmental dyslexia | Brain and Language | 260 | 1990 | 8 | Norway | N/A |
| 89 | Paying attention to reading: the neurobiology of reading and dyslexia | Development and Psychopathology | 257 | 2008 | 20 | USA | 5.483 |
| 90 | Impaired visual word processing in dyslexia revealed with magnetoencephalography | Annals of Neurology | 257 | 1996 | 10 | Finland | N/A |
| 91 | Developmental dyslexia in different languages: language-specific or universal? | Journal of Experimental Child Psychology | 253 | 2003 | 14 | France | 1.482 |
| 92 | The magnocellular deficit theory of dyslexia: the evidence from contrast sensitivity | Vision Research | 253 | 2000 | 12 | USA | 2.000 |
| 93 | Disrupted neural responses to phonological and orthographic processing in dyslexic children: an fMRI study | Neuroreport | 252 | 2001 | 13 | USA | 2.374 |
| 94 | The angular gyrus in developmental dyslexia: task-specific differences in functional connectivity within posterior cortex | Psychological Science | 251 | 2000 | 12 | USA | 2.565 |
| 95 | Phonological awareness deficits in developmental dyslexia and the phonological representations hypothesis | Journal of Experimental Child Psychology | 250 | 1997 | 10 | UK | 1.333 |
| 96 | Surface dyslexia | Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A-Human Experimental Psychology | 250 | 1983 | 7 | UK | N/A |
| 97 | Predicting dyslexia at 8 years of age using neonatal brain responses | Brain and Language | 248 | 2000 | 12 | USA | 1.473 |
| 98 | Developmental dyslexia: genetic dissection of a complex cognitive trait | Nature Reviews Neuroscience | 247 | 2002 | 13 | UK | 24.047 |
| 99 | Semantic access dyslexia | Brain | 246 | 1979 | 6 | UK | N/A |
| 100 | Precursors of literacy delay among children at genetic risk of dyslexia | Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry | 245 | 2000 | 12 | UK | 2.940 |
USA, the United States of America; UK, the United Kingdom.
*
“N/A” was assigned when the journal impact factor was not available or had not been assigned in the year of publication.