Table 1.
Main characteristics of COVID-19 cases and controls.
|
Variables |
Controls n = 204 n (%) |
Cases n = 156 n (%) |
p |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (male) | 145 (71.1) | 118 (75.6) | 0.334* |
| Age (years), mean ± SD | 31.1 ± 8.6 | 41.6 ± 16.4 | <0.001† |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD | 22.9 ± 4.2 | 24.5 ± 4.8 | 0.001† |
| Vitamin D (ng/mL), mean ± SD | 19.7 ± 8.4 | 20.0 ± 11.7 | 0.757† |
| Alcohol | 16 (7.8) | 37 (23.7) | <0.001* |
| Smoking | 14 (6.9) | 39 (25.0) | <0.001* |
| Diabetes Mellitus | 0 (0) | 17 (10.9) | <0.001* |
| Hypertension | 0 (0) | 16 (10.3) | <0.001* |
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 0 (0) | 4 (2.6) | 0.034** |
| HTH | 0 (0) | 6 (3.8) | 0.006** |
| Cancer | 0 (0) | 1 (0.6) | 0.433** |
| CAD | 0 (0) | 4 (2.6) | 0.034** |
| COPD | 0 (0) | 1 (0.6) | 0.433** |
| AF | 0 (0) | 1 (0.6) | 0.433** |
| HBsAG | 0 (0) | 1 (0.6) | 0.433** |
| Vitamin D statusa | 0.006* | ||
| Optimal | 44 (21.6) | 33 (21.2) | |
| Mild to moderate deficiency | 148 (72.5) | 98 (62.8) | |
| Severe deficiency | 12 (5.9) | 25 (16.0) | |
| Symptoms severity | <0.001* | ||
| Asymptomatic | 98 (48.0) | 0 (0) | |
| Mild | 106 (52.0) | 109 (69.9) | |
| Moderate | 0 (0) | 20 (12.8) | |
| Severe | 0 (0) | 27 (17.3) | |
| Death | 0 (0) | 18 (11.5) | <0.001* |
*Pearson Chi-square; **Fisher's Exact Test; †Independent Samples T-test.
BMI= Body Mass Index, HTH= Hypothyroidism, CAD= Coronary Artery Disease, COPD= Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, AF = Atrial Fibrillation, HBsAG = Hepatitis B surface antigen.
a
Vitamin D status: Optimal (≥25 ng/mL), Mild to moderate deficiency (10 ng/mL-24 ng/mL), Severe deficiency (<10 ng/mL).