Table 3.

RWD challenges occurrence in the academic literature

Key challenges	Categories	Occurrence, n (%)
Data quality	Organizational	6 (15.8)
Bias and confounding	Organizational	5 (13.2)
Standards	Organizational	4 (10.5)
Trust	People	3 (7.9)
Data access, expertise to analyze RWD, privacy, regulations, and costs	People	2 (5.3)
Security, awareness, coordination, adoption, format, assurance	Technological	1 (2.6)

RWD, real-world data.