Table 1.
Characteristics of the included articles.
| Study | Year | Country | Source of Virus | Active Ingredient | Formulation | Concentration | Control | Method of assessment | Contact Time | Outcome assessed | Findings | Conclusion |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hassandarvish et al. 2020 [24] | 2020 | Malaysia | Infecting confluent monolayers of Vero E6 cells in DMEM medium (SARS-COV-2/MY/UM/6-3; TIDREC) | Povidone Iodine | Gargle/Mouthwash | 1% and 0.5% | Distilled water | Virus time-kill assay according to EN14476 method | 15,30,60s | Virucidal activity against SARS COV-2 | 1% PVP achieved >5 log 10 reduction (99.9% kill rate) in viral titres at 15,30,60s under both clean and dirty conditions whereas 0.5% PVP demonstrated >4 log10 at 15s and >5 log 10 at 30 and 60s | The activity of PVP-I is unlikely to be reduced in the presence of interfering substances such as biological tissue, and increasing the contact time would result in similar virucidal activity at undiluted and 50% dilution. |
| Bidra et al. 2020 [21] | 2020 | USA | Stock prepared by growing in Vero76 cells of USA-WA1/2020 strain | Povidone Iodine | Oral Antiseptic Rinse | 0.5%,1%, 1.5% | Ethanol (70%) and water | Standard endpoint dilution assay | 15,30s | Virucidal activity against SARS COV-2 | PVP I achieved >3 log 10 reduction in viral titres at 15 and 30s, whereas Ethanol achieved a 2.17 log 10 reduction at 15s and 3.33 log 10 reduction at 30s | The lowest concentration of 0 .5% PVP I has virucidal effects at minimum 15s contact |
| Anderson et al. 2020 [25] | 2020 | Singapore | Infecting confluent monolayers of Vero E6 cells in DMEM medium by hCoV-19/Singapore/2/2020 | Povidone Iodine | Antiseptic Solution | 10% | Not defined | Virus time-kill assay according to EN14476 method | 30s | Virucidal activity against SARS COV-2 | All four tested PVP-I products achieved >4 log 10 reduction in viral titres with a contact time of 30s | PVP-I products can be effectively used for infection control to augment health and hygiene measures. |
| Throat spray | 0.45% | |||||||||||
| Skin Cleanser | 7.5% | |||||||||||
| Gargle/Mouthwash | 1% | |||||||||||
| Pelletier et al. 2020 [22] | 2020 | USA | Stock prepared by growing in Vero76 cells of USA-WA1/2020 strain | Povidone Iodine | Nasal Antiseptic | 5%,2.5%,1% | Ethanol (70%), water | Standard endpoint dilution assay | 60s | Virucidal activity against SARS COV-2 | Nasal and oral rinse antiseptics at all concentrations achieved >4 log 10 reduction at 60s. It was similar for Ethanol also at 60s | PVP-I nasal and oral preparations can be effectively used in nasal passages, nasopharynx and oral cavities against SARS-CoV-2 |
| Oral Rinse | 3%,1.5%,1% | |||||||||||
| Bidra et al. 2020 [20] | 2020 | USA | Stock prepared by growing in Vero76 cells of USA-WA1/2020 strain | Povidone Iodine | Oral Antiseptic rinse | 0.5%,1.25%, 1.5% | Hydrogen Peroxide (1.5% and 3%), Ethanol (70%), water | Standard endpoint dilution assay | 15,30s | Virucidal activity against SARS COV-2 | PVP I achieved >4 log 10 reduction in viral titres at 15s and >3 log 10 at 30 seconds, whereas hydrogen peroxide achieved not more than 1.8 log10 reduction at 15 and 30s. Log reductions similar to PVP I were observed with Ethanol. | PVP I completely inactivated SARS CO V-2 at minimal concentration and contact times; however, hydrogen peroxide had minimal viricidal effect for as long as 30s. |
| Meister et al. 2020 [26] | 2020 | Germany | Strain 1- VeroE6 cells inoculated with throat swabs positive for SARS CoV-2) | Hydrogen Peroxide | Oral rinse | not defined | Medium control | Standard endpoint dilution assay | 30s | Virucidal activity against SARS COV-2 | Log reduction factor of 0.78,0.61 and 0.33 for strain 1, 2 and 3 respectively | Benzalkonium chloride, Povidone-iodine and Ethanol can significantly reduce viral infectivity to undetectable levels. |
| Strain 2 - Vero E6 cells inoculated with BetaCoV/Germany/Ulm/01/2020 | Chlorhexidine | Oral rinse | not defined | Log reduction factor of 1,.78 and 1.17 for strain 1, 2 and 3, respectively | ||||||||
| Strain 3 - VeroE6 cells inoculated with BetaCoV/Germany/Ulm/02/2020 | Dequalinium chloride, benzalkonium chloride | Oral rinse | not defined | Log reduction factor of >3.11,>2.78 and >2.61 for strain 1, 2 and 3, respectively | ||||||||
| Chlorhexidine | Oral rinse | 2% | Log reduction factor of 0.50, 0.56 and 0.50 for strain 1, 2 and 3 respectively | |||||||||
| Polyvidone iodine | Oral rinse | 1% | Log reduction factor of >3.11, >2.78 and >2.61 for strain 1,2 and 3 respectively | |||||||||
| Ethanol + essential oils (Listerine) | Oral rinse | not defined | Log reduction factor of >3.11, >2.78 and >2.61 for strain 1,2 and 3 respectively | |||||||||
| Octenidinedihydrochloride | Oral rinse | not defined | Log reduction factor of 1.11,.78 and .61 for strain 1, 2 and 3, respectively | |||||||||
| Polyaminopropylbiguanide | Oral rinse | not defined | Log reduction factor of.61,>1.78 and >1.61 for strain 1, 2 and, respectively | |||||||||
| Jain et al. 2021 [27] | 2021 | India | Stock prepared by growing in Vero E6 and SARS CoV-2 isolated from a patient | Chlorhexidine Di-gluconate | Mouthwash | .2%,.12% | Not Defined | DiAGSure nCOV-19 Detection Assay kit | 30s and 60s | Virucidal activity against SARS CoV-2 | Viral infectivity was reduced by 99.9% by .12% solution and >99.9% by .2% solution at both 30 and 60s | Chlorhexidine and povidone-iodine are effective against SARS CoV2. Chlorhexidine digluconate in 0.2% concentration inactivated more than 99.9% of SARS CoV 2 virus, in minimal contact time of 30s, and was considered as more efficacious than povidone-iodine 1% utilised for 30 and 60s |
| Povidone Iodine | Mouthwash | 1% | Viral infectivity was reduced by 99.8% at 30s and >99.9% at 60s | |||||||||
| Xu et al. 2020 [23] * | 2020 | USA | Stock prepared by growing in Vero E6 and SARS CoV-2 of USA-WA1/2020 strain | Hydrogen peroxide(Colgate Peroxyl) | Mouthwash | 1.5% | Medium control | 30 mins | Virucidal activity against SARS CoV-2 | Viral infectivity reduced by >99.99% | All mouth rinses have virucidal effects however cytotoxic effects of mouth rinses should be considered in assessing the antiviral activities. | |
| Povidone Iodine | Mouthwash | 10% solution (1% available iodine) | Viral infectivity reduced by >99.99% | |||||||||
| Chlorhexidine (Chlorhexidine gluconate) | Mouthwash | 0.12% | Viral infectivity reduced by >99.99% | |||||||||
| Ethanol, thymol, methyl salicylate,menthol,eucalyptol(Listerine) | Mouthwash | 20–30% Ethanol | Viral infectivity reduced by >99.99% | |||||||||
| Thymol 0.064% | ||||||||||||
| Methyl salicylate 0.06% | ||||||||||||
| Menthol (Racementhol) 0.042% | ||||||||||||
| Eucalyptol 0.092% |
*
Study is a pre-print published without peer-review. The peer-reviewed article with similar results were published subsequently, the citation of the published article is “Xu C, Wang A, Hoskin ER, Cugini C, Markowitz K, Chang TL, Fine DH. Differential Effects of Antiseptic Mouth Rinses on SARS-CoV-2 Infectivity in vitro. Pathogens. 2021 Mar 1;10(3):272. doi: 10.3390/pathogens10030272”. Peer-reviewed article couldn’t be included as it was published post the search date.