Fig. 17.

Scheme shows (A) functionalization of gold electrode with graphene coated with fetuin A glycoprotein followed by neuraminidase glycoprotein that reacts with PNA. Electrochemical detection of influenza A virus is monitored for the neuraminidase protein cleavage on sensor by from the virus [189]. (B) scheme of electrochemical immunosensor development for detection of H1N1 and H5N1 subtypes of influenza A [191]. It shows three electrodes based electrochemical sensor chip and step wise surface modification GO for the development of immunosensor platform. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)