Table 5.
Recent studies based on graphene interfaced electrochemical biosensors for detection and quantification of RSV particles.
| Target Analyte | Technique | Limit of Detection (LOD) | Derivative of Graphene | Additional Features | Citation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NP of SARS-CoV-2, CRP, IgG, IgM of S1 | Graphene electrochemical | Range of NP in serum = 0.1–0.8 μg/mL and in saliva 0.5–2.0 ng/mL of COVID-19 patients. Range of S1-IgG in serum = 20–40 μg/mL and in saliva 0.2–0.5 μg/mL of COVID-19 patients. Range of S1-IgM in serum =20–50 μg/mL and in saliva 0.6–5.0 μg/mL of COVID-19 patients Range of CRP = 10–20 μg/mL in serum and 0.1–0.5 μg/mL in saliva of COVID-19 patients. |
Graphene sensor electrode on flexible PI substrate | Multiplex detection with remote assessment of COVID-19 biomarkers | [186] |
| SARS-Cov-2 | Electrochemical biosensor | 200 copies/mL RNA ofSARS-CoV-2 | Reduced graphene oxide composite (Au@SCX8-TB-RGO) | It requires 10 μL of SARS-CoV-2 (2 copies) for an assay | [185] |
| SARS-CoV-2 | Field-Effect Transistor-Based Biosensor | SARS-CoV-2 -1.6 × 101 pfu/mL and 1 fg/mL of SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen | Graphene | Without any cross-reactivity with MERS-CoV antigen | [187] |
| Influenza A (H9N2) | Graphene-Au hybrid nanocomposite modified biosensor based on neuraminidase activity | 10−8 U/mL of N | Graphene-Au | More sensitive than ELISA assay | [189] |
| Influenza A (H1N1) and (H5N1) |
Dual immunosensor based on methylene blue-electro adsorbed graphene oxide | 9.4 pM for H1N1 8.3 pM for H5N1 |
Graphene Oxide | Designed sensor has <1 min response time, reproducibility | [191] |
| Influenza A (H1N1) |
Reduced graphene oxide-based immuno-electrochemical sensor integrated with a microfluidic platform | 0.5 PFU/mL | Reduced Graphene Oxide | Sensor selectivity was proved using MS2 virus. | [192] |
| Avian influenza H7 |
Silver nanoparticles coated graphene electrochemical sensor | 1.6 pg/mL | AuNP-G and AgNP-G |
[193] | |
| Influenza A H1N1 |
Low-cost synthesis of reduced graphene oxide using biopolymer | 26–33 pfu/mL for phosphate saline and diluted saliva | rGO | No chemical oxidation-reduction step with toxic materials are used | [194] |
| Influenza A H5N1 | rGO transistor integrated with flow-through microfluidic chip for the detection of influenza gene | 5 pM | rGO | Detection time is 1 h | [195]. |