Table 4. The incidence, interventions and outcomes in COVID-19 patients with pneumothorax.
| Study | Type of study | Multicenter study | Number of patients | Patient population | Number of PTX | Age, mean [SD]/IQR | Sex | Laterality of PTX | Pneumo-mediastinum | Tension PTX | Days post MV | Intervention | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chopra et al. (81) | Retrospective case control study | Yes | 842; 594 on MV | Critically ill patients | 83 (10%); 80/83 (96%) in patients on MV | 58 [16] | Male 74% | Right 50%; left 29%; bilateral 21% | In 30% of patients concomitantly | 32% | 10±12 | Tube; thoracostomy89% | Significantly higher in-hospital mortality 63% vs. 49% |
| Rajdev et al. (82) | Retrospective | No | 353; 121 on MV | Critically ill patients | 23 (6.5%); Barotrauma (21/121, 17% with MV and 11/232, 5% without MV) | 63±11 | Male 66% | Right 52%; left 26%; bilateral 22% | 21/353 (6%) | NS | 11 [6–19] [hospital admission to barotrauma] | 38% of patients received thoracostomy tubes | NS |
| McGuinness et al. (83) | Case control | No | 601 on MV | Critically ill patients | 77 (12.8%); 54/601 (9%) of patients suffered from PTX | 58 [54–61] | Male 73% | Right 45%; left 40%; bilateral 15% | 59/601 (10%) of patients | NS | 5.4 (0–41) | NS | No difference in survival |
| Miró et al. (84) | Retrospective case control | Yes | 71,904 | ED | 40/71,904 (0.56%) | 66 [47–74] | Male 73% | Right 81%; left 19% | 6/71,904 (0.08%) | NS | NA | 73% of patients needed tube thoracostomy | Increased odds for in-hospital mortality |
| Wang et al. (85) | Retrospective study | No | 248 | Inpatient | 5/248 (2.01%); 5/49 (10%) patients with ARDS. All 5 patients were mechanically ventilated | 56–79 years | Male 100% | Right 60%; bilateral 40% | NR | NS | 6–25 days | NS | 4/5 (80%) died |
| Ekanem et al. (86) | Retrospective study | Yes | 1,619 | Inpatient | 22/1,619 (1.4%); 11/22 (50%) of patients on MV | 60 [47–67] | Male 82% | NR | NR | NS | 73% required tube thoracostomy | 36% of patients with pneumothorax died |
ED, emergency department; IQR, interquartile range; MV, mechanical ventilation; NA, not applicable; NS, not specified; PTX, pneumothorax; SD, standard deviation.