Table 6. Sociodemographic and household variables and nutritional status in relation to girls’ lung function by period.
| Variables | Period 1 | Period 2 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FVC, mL | FEV1, mL | FVC, mL | FEV1, mL | ||||||||
| Mean (SD) | P value | Mean (SD) | P value | Mean (SD) | P value | Mean (SD) | P value | ||||
| Residential location | |||||||||||
| Rural | 2,581 (679) | <0.001 | 2,208 (596) | <0.001 | 1,855 (437) | 0.466 | 1,665 (393) | 0.792 | |||
| Urban | 2,316 (603) | 1,941 (529) | 1,801 (414) | 1,674 (388) | |||||||
| ETS | |||||||||||
| No | 2,285 (587) | 0.039 | 1,930 (502) | 0.062 | 1,838 (413) | 0.745 | 1,648 (373) | 0.797 | |||
| Yes | 2,474 (662) | 2,096 (588) | 1,810 (410) | 1,653 (387) | |||||||
| Sleep in own room | |||||||||||
| Yes | 2,653 (663) | 0.001 | 2,262 (613) | <0.001 | 1,897 (453) | 0.023 | 1,732 (409) | 0.005 | |||
| No | 2,386 (640) | 2,017 (557) | 1,780 (399) | 1,601 (362) | |||||||
| Sleep in own bed | |||||||||||
| Yes | 2,454 (671) | 0.645 | 2,082 (597) | 0.588 | 1,869 (444) | 0.070 | 1,700 (397) | 0.029 | |||
| No | 2,422 (625) | 2,044 (545) | 1,783 (399) | 1,602 (373) | |||||||
| Kitchen | |||||||||||
| Open | 2,411 (629) | 0.340 | 2,036 (557) | 0.190 | 1,826 (419) | 0.516 | 1,656 (394) | 0.449 | |||
| Separated | 2,521 (710) | 2,151 (623) | 1,866 (454) | 1,688 (388) | |||||||
| Coal fuel use | |||||||||||
| No | 2,548 (665) | 0.135 | 2,190 (592) | 0.048 | 1,843 (429) | 0.625 | 1,672 (391) | 0.580 | |||
| Yes | 2,417 (648) | 2,040 (571) | 1,859 (446) | 1,687 (402) | |||||||
| Ventilation use | |||||||||||
| No | 2,511 (750) | 0.763 | 2,128 (646) | 0.653 | 1,783 (336) | 0.873 | 1,550 (100) | 0.564 | |||
| Yes | 2,430 (636) | 2,057 (566) | 1,840 (432) | 1,669 (393) | |||||||
| Paternal occupation | |||||||||||
| Nonmanual laborer | 2,481 (661) | 0.437 | 2,130 (579) | 0.200 | 1,902 (451) | 0.203 | 1,710 (441) | 0.439 | |||
| Manual laborer | 2,428 (650) | 2,046 (576) | 1,821 (424) | 1,655 (375) | |||||||
| Maternal occupation | |||||||||||
| Nonmanual laborer | 2,512 (658) | 0.233 | 2,133 (544) | 0.143 | 1,868 (416) | 0.320 | 1,683 (417) | 0.624 | |||
| Manual laborer | 2,421 (651) | 2,049 (585) | 1,828 (437) | 1,661 (381) | |||||||
| Paternal education | |||||||||||
| ~Senior high school | 2,565 (512) | 0.120 | 2,217 (465) | 0.047 | 1,838 (431) | 0.792 | 1,672 (390) | 0.534 | |||
| Senior high school~ | 2,430 (663) | 2,054 (584) | 1,841 (431) | 1,663 (393) | |||||||
| Maternal education | |||||||||||
| ~Senior high school | 2,588 (561) | 0.400 | 2,150 (546) | 0.594 | 1,844 (416) | 0.446 | 1,665 (380) | 0.788 | |||
| Senior high school~ | 2,438 (655) | 2,065 (578) | 1,835 (446) | 1,670 (403) | |||||||
| Breast feeding | |||||||||||
| No | 2,232 (613) | <0.001 | 1,894 (512) | <0.001 | 1,860 (396) | 0.584 | 1,691 (364) | 0.473 | |||
| Yes | 2,504 (652) | 2,119 (586) | 1,835 (440) | 1,662 (398) | |||||||
| Stunting | |||||||||||
| No | 2,465 (647) | <0.001 | 2,088 (572) | <0.001 | 1,844 (426) | 0.072 | 1,671 (388) | 0.085 | |||
| Yes | 1,758 (402) | 1,462 (350) | 1,552 (659) | 1,452 (587) | |||||||
| Obesity | |||||||||||
| No | 2,437 (644) | 0.796 | 2,065 (570) | 0.905 | 1,801 (413) | 0.006 | 1,644 (390) | 0.084 | |||
| Overweight | 2,465 (963) | 1,991 (614) | 2,046 (440) | 1,797 (386) | |||||||
| Obesity | 2,733 (999) | 2,283 (1043) | 1,944 (507) | 1,722 (386) | |||||||
~Senior high school: below senior high school level; senior high school~: with/above senior high school. FVC, forced vital capacity; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in the first second; SD, standard deviation.