TABLE 1.

Signaling pathways activated in LCSCs.

Wnt/β-catenin	Increased invasiveness	Chen et al., 2016
	Resulted in HCC with spontaneous lung metastases	Mokkapati et al., 2014
	Lead to tumor growth and chemoresistance	Ma et al., 2007; Yang W. et al., 2008; Yamashita et al., 2009
STAT3	CD24 was found to drive LCSC genesis	Lee et al., 2011
	Maintain the LCSC population	Tang et al., 2008
	Causes CD133 + enrichment in HCC	Won et al., 2015
	Connects hepatic inflammation with LCSC expansion	Wang X. et al., 2016
TGF-β	Induces EMT to increase stemness potential and migratory and invasive capacities	Malfettone et al., 2017
	Regulate LCSC self-renewal	Bagnyukova et al., 2008
	Attenuate CSC-like features	Jiang et al., 2014
Hedgehog	Increase stemness of self-renewal and tumorigenicity	Wang R. et al., 2016
	Contributes to hepatocarcinogenesis CD133 + Hepa 1–6 cells	Jeng et al., 2013
Notch	Inhibited apoptosis to facilitate the stemness characteristics of CD90 + cells	Luo et al., 2016
BMI1	Self-renewal	Luo et al., 2016
	Proliferation of LCSCs	Chiba et al., 2010; Zhang et al., 2013