Table 4.
Radiomic features evaluated in this study and their univariate association with race/ethnicity.
| AA N = 23 | H/L N = 15 | NHW N = 33 | P overall | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| anterior_posterior_length_mm mean[95%CI] | 25.0 [18.0;28.5] | 27.0 [17.5;30.0] | 25.0 [19.0;28.0] | 0.853 |
| asphericity | 0.22 [0.17;0.33] | 0.22 [0.15;0.26] | 0.17 [0.14;0.23] | 0.090 |
| coefficient_of_variation | 0.34 [0.29;0.44] | 0.38 [0.28;0.66] | 0.49 [0.41;0.69] | 0.002 |
| cranial_caudal_length_mm | 27.0 [19.0;32.0] | 27.0 [21.0;30.5] | 24.0 [19.0;35.0] | 0.903 |
| elongation | 0.87 [0.71;0.93] | 0.79 [0.68;0.87] | 0.78 [0.68;0.88] | 0.413 |
| energy_intensity2 | 5.27 [2.81;10.32]x109 | 4.30 [2.55;10.39]x109 | 4.34 [2.51;12.06]x109 | 0.964 |
| energy_of_ct_number_hu2 | 3.03 [1.41;6.67]x107 | 3.50 [1.49;6.98]x107 | 2.56 [0.83;5.51]x107 | 0.458 |
| entropy_hu | 6.70 [6.55;6.90] | 6.70 [6.45;7.00] | 6.90 [6.70;7.00] | 0.042 |
| flatness | 0.58 [0.51;0.72] | 0.62 [0.55;0.69] | 0.65 [0.57;0.73] | 0.626 |
| glcm_avg_angular_second_moment | 0.00 [0.00;0.00] | 0.00 [0.00;0.00] | 0.00 [0.00;0.00] | . |
| glcm_avg_column_mean | 82.2 [68.0;93.9] | 77.1 [46.1;90.7] | 65.0 [42.7;81.7] | 0.021 |
| glcm_avg_column_standard_deviation | 30.6 [28.1;40.5] | 29.9 [24.7;37.6] | 36.7 [31.2;43.9] | 0.037 |
| glcm_avg_column_var | 943 [798;1760] | 907 [611;1435] | 1370 [973;2113] | 0.062 |
| glcm_avg_contrast | 1207 [888;1637] | 1087 [761;1529] | 1580 [1051;2130] | 0.055 |
| glcm_avg_correlation | 0.38 [0.28;0.42] | 0.35 [0.28;0.40] | 0.40 [0.34;0.43] | 0.325 |
| glcm_avg_dissimilarity | 25.4 [22.5;28.8] | 25.3 [21.1;28.8] | 28.4 [25.2;33.0] | 0.031 |
| glcm_avg_energy | 0.02 [0.02;0.03] | 0.02 [0.01;0.03] | 0.02 [0.02;0.02] | 0.971 |
| glcm_avg_entropy | 11.5 [10.7;12.1] | 11.5 [10.6;12.1] | 11.5 [10.9;12.3] | 0.966 |
| glcm_avg_homogeneity | 0.04 [0.04;0.05] | 0.04 [0.04;0.05] | 0.04 [0.03;0.04] | 0.067 |
| glcm_avg_row_mean | 83.9 [67.2;93.8] | 76.7 [40.1;90.5] | 66.5 [41.0;79.5] | 0.027 |
| glcm_avg_row_standard_deviation | 27.2 [24.5;30.9] | 25.6 [22.5;31.8] | 32.2 [26.4;35.2] | 0.014 |
| glcm_avg_row_var | 741 [602;952] | 656 [507;1010] | 1039 [695;1237] | 0.014 |
| glcm_cluster_prominence†* | 136 [59.5;274] | 85.8 [47.0;185] | 187 [93.9;368] | 0.035 |
| glcm_cluster_shade†* | -1.70 [-6.45;-0.05] | -1.40 [-2.55;2.10] | -1.40 [-4.50;6.30] | 0.721 |
| glcm_cluster_tendency†* | 6.10 [4.20;7.40] | 4.90 [3.65;7.75] | 7.60 [5.20;8.70] | 0.029 |
| glcm_contrast†* | 1.70 [1.55;2.00] | 1.70 [1.30;2.15] | 2.10 [1.50;2.80] | 0.040 |
| glcm_correlation†* | 0.50 [0.45;0.60] | 0.50 [0.40;0.60] | 0.50 [0.50;0.60] | 0.374 |
| glcm_difference_average†* | 1.00 [0.90;1.05] | 1.00 [0.80;1.10] | 1.10 [0.90;1.20] | 0.096 |
| glcm_difference_entropy†* | 1.70 [1.70;1.85] | 1.70 [1.60;1.90] | 1.80 [1.70;2.00] | 0.111 |
| glcm_difference_variance†* | 0.70 [0.70;0.90] | 0.70 [0.60;0.90] | 1.00 [0.70;1.20] | 0.027 |
| glcm_dissimilarity†* | 1.00 [0.90;1.05] | 1.00 [0.80;1.10] | 1.10 [0.90;1.20] | 0.096 |
| glcm_first_measure_of_information_correlation†* | -0.10 [-0.15;-0.10] | -0.10 [-0.10;-0.10] | -0.10 [-0.10;-0.10] | 0.702 |
| glcm_inverse_difference†* | 0.60 [0.60;0.60] | 0.60 [0.60;0.65] | 0.60 [0.60;0.60] | 0.084 |
| glcm_inverse_difference_moment†* | 0.60 [0.55;0.60] | 0.60 [0.50;0.60] | 0.60 [0.50;0.60] | 0.077 |
| glcm_inverse_difference_moment_normalized†* | 1.00 [1.00;1.00] | 1.00 [1.00;1.00] | 1.00 [1.00;1.00] | . |
| glcm_inverse_difference_normalized†* | 0.90 [0.90;0.90] | 0.90 [0.90;0.90] | 0.90 [0.90;0.90] | 0.717 |
| glcm_inverse_variance†* | 0.50 [0.50;0.50] | 0.50 [0.50;0.50] | 0.50 [0.50;0.50] | 0.347 |
| glcm_joint_average†* | 6.90 [5.85;8.15] | 6.20 [5.90;7.70] | 7.30 [6.50;8.30] | 0.335 |
| glcm_joint_entropy†* | 4.70 [4.50;4.90] | 4.60 [4.30;4.95] | 5.00 [4.70;5.20] | 0.029 |
| glcm_joint_maximum†* | 0.10 [0.10;0.10] | 0.10 [0.10;0.10] | 0.10 [0.10;0.10] | 0.331 |
| glcm_joint_variance†* | 2.00 [1.55;2.25] | 1.60 [1.35;2.40] | 2.30 [1.80;2.90] | 0.027 |
| glcm_second_measure_of_information_correlation†* | 0.60 [0.50;0.70] | 0.60 [0.50;0.65] | 0.60 [0.50;0.70] | 0.470 |
| glcm_sum_average†* | 13.7 [11.8;16.3] | 12.4 [11.8;15.4] | 14.5 [12.9;16.5] | 0.347 |
| glcm_sum_entropy†* | 3.30 [3.10;3.40] | 3.20 [2.95;3.50] | 3.50 [3.20;3.60] | 0.059 |
| glcm_sum_variance†* | 5.20 [3.75;6.40] | 4.30 [3.30;7.00] | 6.40 [4.80;7.90] | 0.045 |
| gldzm_grey_level_nonuniformity | 41.6 [25.3;90.2] | 44.7 [23.1;83.9] | 42.3 [22.0;84.0] | 0.827 |
| gldzm_grey_level_nonuniformity_normalised | 0.10 [0.10;0.20] | 0.20 [0.10;0.20] | 0.10 [0.10;0.10] | 0.003 |
| gldzm_grey_level_variance | 5.60 [5.05;7.60] | 6.20 [4.65;8.00] | 7.60 [6.60;9.40] | 0.012 |
| gldzm_high_grey_level_zone_emphasis | 50.5 [42.0;79.0] | 48.8 [38.5;63.2] | 53.6 [44.3;78.8] | 0.442 |
| gldzm_large_distance_emphasis§ | 2.50 [1.65;3.65] | 2.70 [1.80;3.65] | 2.70 [1.80;6.10] | 0.709 |
| gldzm_large_distance_high_grey_level_emphasis§ | 107 [71.6;192] | 167 [80.7;216] | 129 [87.8;267] | 0.603 |
| gldzm_large_distance_low_grey_level_emphasis§ | 0.10 [0.10;0.15] | 0.10 [0.10;0.20] | 0.10 [0.10;0.20] | 0.584 |
| gldzm_low_grey_level_zone_emphasis | 0.00 [0.00;0.00] | 0.00 [0.00;0.00] | 0.00 [0.00;0.00] | 0.972 |
| gldzm_small_distance_emphasis§ | 0.80 [0.70;0.90] | 0.80 [0.70;0.90] | 0.80 [0.70;0.90] | 0.964 |
| gldzm_small_distance_high_grey_level_emphasis§ | 44.7 [37.1;50.3] | 41.1 [25.2;48.7] | 43.9 [36.6;65.0] | 0.515 |
| gldzm_small_distance_low_grey_level_emphasis§ | 0.00 [0.00;0.00] | 0.00 [0.00;0.00] | 0.00 [0.00;0.10] | 0.665 |
| gldzm_zone_distance_entropy | 3.80 [3.55;4.35] | 4.10 [3.60;4.55] | 4.20 [3.80;4.60] | 0.342 |
| gldzm_zone_distance_nonuniformity | 211 [98.3;270] | 159 [92.8;272] | 180 [120;242] | 0.970 |
| gldzm_zone_distance_nonuniformity_normalised | 0.60 [0.50;0.70] | 0.60 [0.50;0.70] | 0.60 [0.40;0.70] | 0.924 |
| gldzm_zone_distance_variance | 0.60 [0.20;1.05] | 0.60 [0.30;1.05] | 0.50 [0.30;1.50] | 0.867 |
| gldzm_zone_percentage§ | 0.10 [0.10;0.10] | 0.10 [0.00;0.10] | 0.10 [0.10;0.10] | 0.135 |
| glrlm_grey_level_nonuniformity‡ | 5986 [2823;10223] | 6001 [2708;10739] | 6170 [3615;13394] | 0.841 |
| glrlm_grey_level_variance‡ | 2.10 [1.75;2.70] | 1.90 [1.50;2.95] | 2.90 [2.00;3.40] | 0.012 |
| glrlm_high_grey_level_run_emphasis* | 46.6 [36.7;68.3] | 40.4 [37.1;60.9] | 53.9 [43.2;71.9] | 0.342 |
| glrlm_normalized_grey_level_nonuniformity‡ | 0.20 [0.20;0.20] | 0.20 [0.20;0.20] | 0.20 [0.20;0.20] | 0.567 |
| glszm_grey_level_nonuniformity‡ | 41.6 [25.3;90.2] | 44.7 [23.1;83.9] | 42.3 [22.0;84.0] | 0.827 |
| glszm_grey_level_variance‡ | 5.60 [5.05;7.60] | 6.20 [4.65;8.00] | 7.60 [6.60;9.40] | 0.012 |
| glszm_high_grey_level_zone_emphasis‡ | 50.5 [42.0;79.0] | 48.8 [38.5;63.2] | 53.6 [44.3;78.8] | 0.442 |
| glszm_large_zone_emphasis‡ | 13080 [4011;36509] | 12030 [3365;33727] | 7602 [2833;30157] | 0.742 |
| glszm_large_zone_high_grey_level_emphasis‡ | 3.89 [1.81;22.75]x105 | 4.01 [1.81;17.93]x105 | 3.88 [1.46;12.94]x105 | 0.884 |
| glszm_large_zone_low_grey_level_emphasis‡ | 344 [88.8;608] | 226 [120;932] | 174 [51.7;622] | 0.530 |
| glszm_low_grey_level_zone_emphasis‡ | 0.00 [0.00;0.10] | 0.00 [0.00;0.10] | 0.00 [0.00;0.10] | 0.814 |
| glszm_normalised_zone_size_nonuniformity‡ | 0.30 [0.30;0.35] | 0.30 [0.30;0.40] | 0.30 [0.30;0.40] | 0.677 |
| glszm_normalized_grey_level_nonuniformity‡ | 0.10 [0.10;0.20] | 0.20 [0.10;0.20] | 0.10 [0.10;0.10] | 0.003 |
| glszm_small_zone_emphasis‡ | 0.60 [0.50;0.60] | 0.60 [0.60;0.60] | 0.60 [0.60;0.60] | 0.023 |
| glszm_small_zone_high_grey_level_emphasis‡ | 29.8 [24.5;46.5] | 31.4 [24.7;37.2] | 33.1 [27.5;53.3] | 0.388 |
| glszm_small_zone_low_grey_level_emphasis‡ | 0.00 [0.00;0.00] | 0.00 [0.00;0.00] | 0.00 [0.00;0.00] | 0.445 |
| glszm_zone_percentage‡ | 0.10 [0.10;0.10] | 0.10 [0.00;0.10] | 0.10 [0.10;0.10] | 0.135 |
| glszm_zone_size_entropy‡ | 5.10 [4.80;5.50] | 4.80 [4.65;5.35] | 5.30 [5.00;5.50] | 0.085 |
| glszm_zone_size_nonuniformity‡ | 111 [46.7;169] | 129 [34.4;172] | 108 [63.4;190] | 0.981 |
| glszm_zone_size_variance‡ | 12621 [3911;35884] | 11642 [3255;33387] | 7458 [2756;29728] | 0.742 |
| hu_kurtosis | 3.58 [3.24;4.16] | 3.34 [3.13;4.08] | 3.49 [3.13;4.06] | 0.723 |
| hu_skewness | -0.20 [-0.35;0.02] | -0.05 [-0.26;0.13] | -0.10 [-0.30;0.28] | 0.486 |
| hu_uniformity | 66.2 [56.6;71.3] | 62.0 [34.1;72.3] | 50.6 [30.6;59.1] | 0.002 |
| hu_uniformity_acr | -33.30 [-65.15;-10.45] | -49.20 [-116.95;-1.35] | -85.70 [-117.80;-41.00] | 0.061 |
| maximum_ct_number_hu | 175 [160;210] | 190 [151;238] | 181 [159;231] | 0.999 |
| median_ct_number_hu | 83.0 [67.0;94.5] | 78.0 [39.0;90.5] | 67.5 [41.0;82.0] | 0.045 |
| mesh_compactness_1_mm | 20.9 [14.4;31.1] | 22.4 [16.5;33.4] | 23.9 [16.6;34.2] | 0.895 |
| mesh_compactness_2_mm | 0.55 [0.43;0.63] | 0.56 [0.50;0.67] | 0.62 [0.53;0.68] | 0.092 |
| mesh_sa_to_volume_ratio | 0.32 [0.26;0.42] | 0.31 [0.26;0.39] | 0.29 [0.24;0.38] | 0.804 |
| minimum_ct_number_hu | -30.00 [-57.50;-14.00] | -39.00 [-83.00;-15.00] | -58.00 [-74.00;-46.00] | 0.021 |
| ngldm_dependence_count_percentage‡ | 1.00 [1.00;1.00] | 1.00 [1.00;1.00] | 1.00 [1.00;1.00] | . |
| ngldm_dependence_energy‡ | 0.00 [0.00;0.00] | 0.00 [0.00;0.00] | 0.00 [0.00;0.00] | 0.034 |
| ngldm_dependence_entropy‡ | 5.80 [5.75;6.15] | 5.80 [5.70;6.10] | 6.00 [5.80;6.20] | 0.212 |
| ngldm_dependence_nonuniformity‡ | 380 [192;771] | 326 [167;675] | 331 [187;747] | 0.994 |
| ngldm_dependence_variance‡ | 11.4 [9.85;12.7] | 10.1 [9.75;14.6] | 10.4 [7.90;12.4] | 0.466 |
| ngldm_gl_nonuniformity‡ | 895 [485;2395] | 720 [406;2023] | 767 [386;1999] | 0.808 |
| ngldm_gl_variance‡ | 2.00 [1.55;2.45] | 1.70 [1.35;2.60] | 2.70 [1.80;3.20] | 0.013 |
| ngldm_high_dependence_emphasis‡ | 56.1 [45.9;67.8] | 58.8 [48.2;78.6] | 51.6 [37.8;62.7] | 0.361 |
| ngldm_high_dependence_high_gl_emphasis‡ | 2250 [1966;3719] | 2594 [1677;3588] | 2946 [1948;4005] | 0.964 |
| ngldm_high_dependence_low_gl_emphasis‡ | 1.10 [0.85;1.70] | 1.50 [0.80;2.40] | 1.00 [0.80;1.50] | 0.330 |
| ngldm_high_gl_dependence‡ | 49.9 [36.2;69.2] | 39.7 [37.0;62.2] | 54.4 [45.4;68.9] | 0.360 |
| ngldm_low_dependence_emphasis‡ | 0.10 [0.10;0.10] | 0.10 [0.10;0.10] | 0.10 [0.10;0.10] | 0.088 |
| ngldm_low_dependence_high_gl_emphasis‡ | 5.10 [3.45;5.75] | 4.40 [2.20;6.40] | 5.30 [3.80;8.20] | 0.186 |
| ngldm_low_dependence_low_gl_emphasis‡ | 0.00 [0.00;0.00] | 0.00 [0.00;0.00] | 0.00 [0.00;0.00] | . |
| ngldm_low_gl_dependence‡ | 0.00 [0.00;0.00] | 0.00 [0.00;0.00] | 0.00 [0.00;0.00] | 0.879 |
| ngldm_normalized_dependence_nonuniformity‡ | 0.10 [0.10;0.10] | 0.10 [0.10;0.10] | 0.10 [0.10;0.10] | 0.034 |
| ngldm_normalized_gl_nonuniformity‡ | 0.20 [0.20;0.20] | 0.20 [0.20;0.30] | 0.20 [0.20;0.20] | 0.008 |
| rms_of_ct_number_hu | 89.6 [71.4;97.0] | 83.9 [49.3;94.8] | 74.3 [50.5;87.2] | 0.067 |
| sphericity | 0.82 [0.75;0.86] | 0.82 [0.79;0.87] | 0.85 [0.81;0.88] | 0.084 |
| standard_deviation_of_ct_number_hu | 27.2 [24.6;30.9] | 25.6 [22.7;31.8] | 32.3 [26.4;35.3] | 0.014 |
| surface_area_mm2 | 2077 [1241;3104] | 2215 [1464;3284] | 1771 [1408;3043] | 0.879 |
| transverse_length_mm | 26.0 [20.0;33.0] | 24.0 [22.5;31.5] | 25.0 [19.0;29.0] | 0.716 |
| volume_mm3 | 5522 [2863;11750] | 6748 [3892;13092] | 6075 [4018;12569] | 0.919 |
| volumetric_length_mm | 34.0 [25.0;39.0] | 35.0 [26.0;45.0] | 31.0 [28.0;38.0] | 0.810 |
| volumetric_mean_of_ct_number_hu | 83.9 [67.2;93.8] | 76.7 [40.1;90.5] | 66.5 [41.0;79.5] | 0.027 |
| wavelet_hhl_10th_percentile_hu | -4.80 [-5.80;-4.00] | -5.30 [-5.85;-4.70] | -5.2 0[-6.90;-4.30] | 0.310 |
| wavelet_hhl_90th_percentile_hu | 4.90 [4.10;5.85] | 5.30 [4.65;5.80] | 5.30 [4.30;7.00] | 0.454 |
| wavelet_hhl_coefficient_of_variation | 320 [-92.90;753] | 114 [-379.00;175] | -80.70 [-454.90;244] | 0.163 |
| wavelet_hhl_energy_hu2 | 5.90 [3.08;15.48]x104 | 1.04 [0.29;1.87]x105 | 9.86 [4.00;15.98]x104 | 0.707 |
| wavelet_hhl_entropy | 12.0 [11.2;13.3] | 11.7 [10.9;13.1] | 11.8 [11.1;13.2] | 0.980 |
| wavelet_hhl_excess_kurtosis | 0.10 [0.00;0.25] | 0.20 [0.10;0.40] | 0.20 [0.10;0.50] | 0.104 |
| wavelet_hhl_interquartile_range_hu | 5.10 [4.25;6.10] | 5.40 [4.90;5.95] | 5.60 [4.70;7.20] | 0.466 |
| wavelet_hhl_minimum_hu | -16.20 [-19.05;-12.35] | -19.50 [-23.70;-13.75] | -17.80 [-28.80;-14.40] | 0.163 |
| wavelet_hhl_maximum_hu | 16.6 [11.6;18.2] | 18.5 [15.3;22.7] | 18.3 [14.0;26.5] | 0.129 |
| wavelet_hhl_mean_deviation_hu | 3.00 [2.50;3.60] | 3.30 [2.90;3.55] | 3.30 [2.70;4.30] | 0.321 |
| wavelet_hhl_mean_hu | 0.00 [0.00;0.00] | 0.00 [0.00;0.00] | 0.00 [0.00;0.00] | 0.854 |
| wavelet_hhl_median_deviation_hu | 3.00 [2.50;3.60] | 3.30 [2.90;3.55] | 3.30 [2.70;4.30] | 0.326 |
| wavelet_hhl_median_hu | 0.00 [0.00;0.00] | 0.00 [0.00;0.00] | 0.00 [0.00;0.10] | 0.653 |
| wavelet_hhl_quartile_coefficient_of_dispersion | 45.7 [-105.15;289] | 34.2 [-81.30;63.6] | 63.6 [-66.20;179] | 0.315 |
| wavelet_hhl_range_hu | 32.4 [24.0;38.0] | 39.7 [28.8;50.5] | 35.9 [28.3;54.8] | 0.157 |
| wavelet_hhl_robust_mean_deviation_hu | 2.10 [1.75;2.50] | 2.20 [2.00;2.50] | 2.30 [1.90;3.00] | 0.442 |
| wavelet_hhl_rms_hu | 3.80 [3.20;4.60] | 4.30 [3.65;4.55] | 4.30 [3.40;5.50] | 0.254 |
| wavelet_hhl_skeweness | 0.00 [0.00;0.00] | 0.00 [0.00;0.00] | 0.00 [0.00;0.00] | 0.419 |
| wavelet_hhl_variance_hu2 | 14.3 [10.2;20.9] | 18.3 [13.3;20.6] | 18.8 [11.6;30.2] | 0.218 |
Some P values are missing because they were unable to be estimated.
AA, African American; H/L, Hispanic/Latinx; NHW, non-Hispanic White; MM, millimeters; CT, computed tomography; HU, Hounsfield Units; GLCM, gray level cooccurrence matrix; AVG, average; VAR, variance; GLDZM, gray level distance zone matrix; American College of Radiology; SA, surface area; NGLDM, neighborhood gray-level different matrix; GL, gray level; RMS, root mean square; HHL, high-pass high-pass and low-pass filters.
†gray leveled image; *ibsi by slice with merging; ‡as volume with full merging; §with full merging.
Bold font indicates a P value < 0.05.