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. 2021 Jul 22;9:711005. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.711005

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Copyright © 2021 Yang, Liu, He, Chen, Lyu, Zeng, Wang, Zhang, Chen and Zhao.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Implications of MSCs in homeostasis. MSCs can be isolated from a variety of tissues, including the amniotic membrane, umbilical cord, placenta, adipose tissue, skin, peripheral blood, dental pulp, and fetal liver. All MSCs derived from different stages of embryonic development, from postembryonic sub-totipotent stem cells to progenitors, are defined as MSC systems. During in vitro culture, MSCs must: (1) be fibroblast-like and plastic-adherent; (2) express CD105, CD73, and CD90, and lack CD45, CD34, CD14 or CD11b, CD79a or CD19, and HLA class II expression; (3) differentiate into adipocytes, osteoblasts, and chondroblasts. MSCs have trilineage differentiation potential, can secrete bioactive molecules and EVs (microvesicles and exosomes) to help tissue repair and maintain homeostasis. MSC dysfunction leads to disease-related MSC alterations that induce homeostasis disorder systemic disease.