FIGURE 3.

Signaling pathways involved in abiotic stress tolerance. (A) Abiotic stresses causes ROS accumulation that leads to activation of Ca²⁺ signaling and MAPK pathways to combat abiotic stresses in plants by maintaining cellular homeostasis. (B) Exogenous application of JA, Ca²⁺ and GSH, respectively, to plants prior to or under abiotic stress mediates activation of Ca²⁺ signaling and MAPK pathways via possible crosstalk mechanisms so as to further strengthen the cellular homeostatic mechanisms of plants, thereby imparting abiotic stress tolerance.