TABLE 1.

Abiotic stress response in relation with JA, Ca²⁺, and GSH among different plant species.

Stress type	Plant species		JA/GSH/Ca2+	Response	Growth pattern	Cotyledon number	References
			MeJA
High salt concentration	Pisum sativum (L.)		10–5 M	Osmoregulation, increased proline content	Annual	Dicot	Fedina and Tsonev, 1997
	Glycine max (L.)		20 and 30 μM	Increase in growth and proline content	Annual	Dicot	Yoon et al., 2009
	Arabidopsis thaliana (L.)		5 and 10 μM	Compliments lox3 mutant rescues salt stress	Annual	Dicot	Ding H. et al., 2016
	Triticum aestivum (L.)		0.1 μM	Increases cytokinin production and plant growth	Annual	Monocot	Avalbaev et al., 2016
	Solanum lycopersicum (L.)		10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 μM	Increase in levels of osmo-protectants and enzymatic antioxidants	Annual	Dicot	Manan et al., 2016
	Brassica napus (L.)		100 μM	Increases relative water content, soluble sugar, photosynthesis	Annual	Dicot	Ahmadi et al., 2018
			JA
	Pisum sativum (L.)		10–5 M	Decreased activity of sodium and chloride ions, increased endogenous level of proline	Annual	Dicot	Velitchkova and Fedina, 1998
	Oryza sativa (L.)		30 μM	Increases ion uptake, growth, ABA levels	Annual	Monocot	Kang et al., 2005
	Hordeum vulgare (L.)		12 μM	Induction of genes having role in imparting salt tolerance	Annual	Monocot	Walia et al., 2007
	Brassica napus (L.)		10–6, 10–9, and 10–12 M	Sugar accumulation	Annual	Dicot	Kaur et al., 2013
	Triticum aestivum (L.)		2 mM	Increase in concentration of GSH, enhanced activity of SOD, CAT, APX	Annual	Monocot	Qiu et al., 2014
			GSH
	Oryza sativa (L.)		2 mM	Positive influence on yield contributing traits	Annual	Monocot	Wang et al., 2014
	Arabidopsis thaliana (L.)		400 μM	Abscisic acid, auxin and jasmonic acid biosynthesis	Annual	Dicot	Cheng et al., 2015
	Vigna radiata (L.)		1 mM	Activation of glyoxalase system and improved antioxidant system	Annual	Dicot	Nahar et al., 2015b
	Solanum lycopersicum (L.)		5 mM	Increased GSH biosynthesis, improved activity of SOD, CAT, POD	Annual	Dicot	Zhou et al., 2017
	Glycine max (L.)		2 mM	Improved stress tolerance and yield attributes	Annual	Dicot	Akram et al., 2017
			Ca2+
	Solanum lycopersicum (L.)		5 and 10 mM	Increased growth, physiology and fruit production	Annual	Dicot	Parvin et al., 2015
	Glycine max (L.)		6 mM	Positive effect on growth and metabolic activities.	Annual	Dicot	Yin et al., 2015
	Oryza sativa (L.)		3 and 5 mM	Elevated antioxidant enzyme levels	Annual	Monocot	Tahjib-Ul-Arif et al., 2018
	Lead		JA
Heavy metal stresses	Wolffia arrhiza (L.)		0.1 μM	Preventing Pb accumulation by restoring plant growth and primary metabolite level	Perennial	Monocot	Piotrowska et al., 2009
	Solanum lycopersicum (L.)		0.1, 1, and 100 μM	Increase osmolytes concentration and ascorbate glutathione cycle	Annual	Dicot	Bali et al., 2018
				GSH
	Gossypium sp. (L.)		50 μM	Stabilized ultra-structure and increased antioxidant activity	Perennial	Dicot	Khan M. et al., 2016
	Triticum aestivum (L.)		1 mM	Enhancement of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant activities and improved seedling growth	Annual	Monocot	Hasanuzzaman et al., 2018
	Cadmium		JA
	Glycine max (L.)		20 μM	Increased antioxidant response	Annual	Dicot	Noriega et al., 2012
	Vicia faba (L.)		0.01 mM	Restoration of growth and pigment system	Annual	Dicot	Ahmad et al., 2017
	Brassica napus (L.)		25 μM	Osmolytes and antioxidant activity increased	Annual	Dicot	Ali et al., 2018
			MeJA
	Oryza sativa (L.)		5 μM	GSH homeostasis, JA biosynthesis	Annual	Monocot	Singh and Shah, 2014
	Arabidopsis thaliana (L.)		0.01 μM	Suppression of genes involved in Cd uptake	Annual	Dicot	Lei et al., 2020
			GSH
	Hordeum vulgare (L.)		20 mg/L	Improved photosynthesis	Annual	Monocot	Chen et al., 2010
	Oryza sativa (L.)		50 μM	Enhanced photosynthetic performance	Annual	Monocot	Cai et al., 2011a
	Gossypium sp. (L.)		50 μM	Reverses stressful effects, leaf ultra-morphology revived	Perennial	Monocot	Daud et al., 2016
	Populus sp. (L.)		100 μM	Increased Cd detoxifying gene transcript	Perennial	Monocot	Ding et al., 2017
			Ca2+
	Vicia faba (L.)		2%	Antioxidant enzyme up regulation	Annual	Dicot	Siddiqui et al., 2012
	Brassica juncea (L.)		50 mM	Improved photosynthesis	Annual	Dicot	Ahmad et al., 2015
	Arabidopsis thaliana (L.)		3 mM	Alleviated the inhibition of Cd on the root growth	Annual	Dicot	Li P. et al., 2016
	Sesamum indicum (L.)		50 mM	Improved growth and proline levels	Annual	Dicot	Abd-Allah et al., 2017
	Copper		JA
	Oryza sativa (L.)		0.5 mM	Phytoalexin production	Annual	Monocot	Rakwal et al., 1996
	Cajanus cajan (L.)		1 μM, 1 nM,	Osmolytes and antioxidant enzyme increased	Perennial	Dicot	Poonam et al., 2013
	Triticum Aestivum (L.)		5 mM	Increased transcript of glutathione–s- transferase	Annual	Monocot	Li et al., 2013
			MeJA
	Phaseolus coccineus (L.)		10–5 M	Promoted plant growth and development	Perennial	Dicot	Hanaka et al., 2015
			GSH
	Triticum aestivum (L.)		2.5 mM/L	Accumulation of nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorous	Annual	Monocot	Peng et al., 2012
	Glycine Max (L.)		0.16 and 0.32 Mm/L	Enhances amylase activity	Annual	Dicot	Chen, 2012
	Oryza Sativa (L.)		100 mg/L	Increased germination rate and vigor index	Annual	Monocot	Mostofa et al., 2015
			Ca2+
	Drought	JA
Water stress	Glycine Max (L.)		4.5 and 9 mM/L	Maintenance of membrane integrity	Annual	Dicot	Chen et al., 2008
	Vigna radiata (L.)		5 mM	Solution improved the growth of Cu-treated seedling and lowering the concentration of Polyamines putrescine and increased concentrations of spermine and spermidine in epicotyl of plants	Annual	Dicot	Shen et al., 1998
	Brassica sp. (L.)		0.5 mM	Increase in physiological, antioxidant and glyoxalase system activities	Annual	Dicot	Alam et al., 2014
	Allium cepa (L.)		25, 50, and 100 μM	Pigment and compatible solute enhancement	Annual	Monocot	Ahmad and Murali, 2015
	Beta vulgaris (L.)		5 and 10 μM	Increased germination rate	Annual	Dicot	Ghafari and Tadayon, 2019
			MeJA
	Brassica oleracea (L.)		10 μM	Increased Net photosynthetic rate and antioxidant machinery activation	Annual	Dicot	Wu et al., 2012
	Triticum aestivum (L.)		0.25 μM	Water status and antioxidant capacity increased	Annual	Monocot	Ma et al., 2014
	Satureja hortensis (L.)		75, 150, and 225 μM	Improved many characteristics of plant like growth, water content, proline level, antioxidant activity	Annual	Dicot	Miranshahi and Sayyari, 2016
			GSH
	Arabidopsis thaliana (L.)		400 μM	Changes at translational level of numerous hormones	Annual	Dicot	Cheng et al., 2015
	Vigna radiata (L.)		1 mM	Improved their antioxidant components under drought stress	Annual	Dicot	Nahar et al., 2015a
			Ca2+
	Zoysia japonica (L.)		5 and 10 mM	Improved photosynthesis, growth and antioxidant response	Perennial	Monocot	Xu et al., 2013
	Zea mays (L.)		5 mg/L	Improved photosynthesis, growth and soluble sugar content	Annual	Monocot	Naeem et al., 2018
	Nicotiana tabacum (L.)		10 mM/L	Stabilization of gaseous exchange and photosynthetic organelles	Annual	Dicot	Hu et al., 2018
	Flooding		JA
	Citrus spp. (L.)		1 mM	Increase in abscisic acid levels	Perennial	Dicot	de Ollas et al., 2013
			Ca2+
	Zea mays (L.)		0.75% (W/V)	Regulates the cell wall integrity and mitigates effect of oxidative stress during flood stress conditions	Annual	Monocot	Porto et al., 2013
	Glycine max (L.)		50 mM	Increase the root elongation and inhibited the cell death of root tip of under flood stress	Annual	Dicot	Oh et al., 2014
			JA
Ozone stress	Capsicum annuum (L.)		10 mM	Regulates osmotic and antioxidant metabolism	Annual	Dicot	Yang et al., 2016
	Arabidopsis thaliana (L.)		1.4 μM	Inhibited cell death and lesion containment	Annual	Dicot	Overmyer et al., 2000
	Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) (JA insensitive mutants)		10 μM	Extremely susceptible to ozone	Annual	Dicot	Kanna et al., 2004
			GSH
	Transgenic Nicotiana tabacum (L.)		Overexpression of glutathione synthetase in plastid	Ozone tolerance developed	Annual	Dicot	Wellburn et al., 1998
	Populus sp. (L.)		Overexpression of Glutathione reductase	Ozone tolerance developed	Perennial	Monocot	Foyer et al., 1995
	Heat		JA
Temperature stress	Vitis sp (L.) seedling		50 μM/L	Thermotolerance	Perennial	Dicot	Chen et al., 2006
			Ca2+
	Solanum lycopersicum (L.)		1 Mm	Operating efficiency of photosystem II increased	Annual	Dicot	Sakhonwasee and Phingkasan, 2017
	Nicotiana tabacum (L.)		20 Mm	Improved stomatal conductance and thermostablity	Annual	Dicot	Tan et al., 2011
	Cold		JA
	Prunus persica (L.)		0.1 Mm/L	Maintenance of fruit quality	Perennial	Dicot	Meng et al., 2009
			MeJA
	Cucumis sativus (L.)		100 μM	Enhances chilling tolerance by regulating antioxidant enzymes	Annual	Dicot	Li et al., 2012
	Arabidopsis thaliana (L.)		30 μM	Induced freezing tolerance	Annual	Dicot	Hu et al., 2013
	Eriobotrya japonica (L.)		10 μM	Alleviates the chilling injury in the fruits of plants	Perennial	Dicot	Cai et al., 2011b
			Ca2+
	Solanum lycopersicum (L.)		27 mM	Improvement carbon fixation, electron transport, etc.	Annual	Dicot	Zhang G. et al., 2014
	Cynodon dactylon (L.)		1, 5, 10, and 20 mM	Antioxidant activation and metabolic homeostasis	Perennial	Monocot	Shi et al., 2014
			GSH
	Eriobotrya japonica (L.)		50, 100, and 300 mg/L	Increase in membrane fluidity and decrease in lipid peroxidation	Perennial	Dicot	Wu et al., 2010