Table 1.

Association of a Change in Vertical Integration Status on Advanced Practice Provider Employment Using a Linear Probability Model: 2008–2015.

	Pr(Employ NP)		Pr(Employ PA)
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
Vertical	0.012*** (0.002)	0.012*** (0.002)	0.003 (0.001)	0.002 (0.001)
Year FEs	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Practice FEs	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Covariates	No	Yes	No	Yes
Observations	1,154,312	1,154,292	1,154,312	1,154,292
Unique practices	144,289	144,289	144,289	144,289
Sample mean	0.19	0.19	0.14	0.14

Note. Data are from SK&A and include 144,289 practices present for all 8 years. “Vertical” practices report hospital/health system ownership (i.e., hospital–physician integration). Outcomes are binary indicators for employing at least one of the specified advanced practice provider (i.e., NP and PA). Covariates include the following: number of physicians in the practice, a dummy for full independence for NP scope of practice, and county-level demographics. Standard errors clustered at the practice level. NP = nurse practitioner; PA = physician assistant; FEs = fixed effects.

^*p < .05.

^**p < .01.

^***p < .001.