Table 2. Parameters Used in the Simulations.

parameter	case 1	case 2	case 3	unit
pipe diameter	0.089	0.089	0.089	m
temperature	20	20	20	°C
curvature radius	100	250	500	m
liquid density	998.2	998.2	998.2	kg/m3
gas density	1.205	1.205	1.205	kg/m3
surface tension	0.075	0.075	0.075	N/m
liquid viscosity	1.002 × 10–3	1.002 × 10–3	1.002 × 10–3	Pa·s
gas viscosity	1.824 × 10–5	1.824 × 10–5	1.824 × 10–5	Pa·s