Table 1.
Target molecules for near-infrared photoimmunotherapy.
| Target | Disease | Type of tumor model used | Key findings |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tumor antigen | |||
| EGFR | Head and neck cancer, skin cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, uterine cervical cancer [8,10,17,49] | Allograft (subctaneous), xenograft (subctaneous, orthotopic) | Tumour volume ↓, Survival ↑, Tumour immunity ↑ |
| HER2 | Gastric cancer, breast cancer [18,19] | Xenograft (subctaneous, disseminated peritoneal models) | Tumour volume ↓, Survival ↑ |
| PSMA | Prostate cancer [20] | Xenograft (subctaneous) | |
| CEA | Colon cancer, biliary tract cancer, pancreatic cancer [21], [22], [23] | Xenograft (subctaneous, orthotopic) | |
| MSLN | Mesothelioma, pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer [6] | Xenograft (subctaneous) | |
| GPC3 | Hepatocellular carcinoma [24] | Xenograft (subctaneous) | |
| CD20 | B-cell malignant lymphoma [5] | Xenograft (subctaneous) | |
| TROP2 | Colon cancer, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer [25] | Xenograft (subctaneous) | |
| DLL3 | Small cell lung cancer [22] | Xenograft (subctaneous) | |
| PDPN | Mesothelioma [23] | Xenograft (subctaneous, orthotopic) | |
| GPR87 | Lung cancer and mesothelioma [24] | Xenograft (subctaneous, disseminated pheural models) | |
| PD-L1 | Lung cancer [26] | Xenograft (subctaneous) | |
| Cancer stem cell | |||
| CD44 | Colon cancer, lung cancer, head and neck cancer [4, 12, 16, 29, 30] | Allograft (subctaneous, orthotopic), xenograft (subctaneous) | Tumour volume ↓, Survival ↑, Tumour immunity ↑ |
| CD133 | Glioblastoma [31] | Xenograft (subctaneous, orthotopic) | Tumour volume ↓, Survival ↑ |
| Immune cell | |||
| CTLA4 | Colon cancer, lung cancer, head and neck cancer [62] | Allograft (subctaneous) | Tumour volume ↓, Survival ↑, Tregs ↓, Tumour immunity ↑ |
| CD25 | Colon cancer, lung cancer, head and neck cancer [7,27] | Allograft (subctaneous) |
EGFR, epidernal growth factor receptor; HER2, human epidermal growth factor receptor-2; PSMA, prostate-specific membrane antigen; CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen; MSLN, mesothelin; GPC3, glypican-3; TROP2, tumor-associated calcium signal transducer 2; DLL3, delta-like protein 3; PDPN, podoplanin; GPR87, G protein-coupled receptor 87; PD-L1, programmed death-ligand 1; CTLA4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4; Tregs, regulatory T cells. The numbers in the brackets show reference number