Table 2.
Outcomes and laboratory values according to diabetes/stress hyperglycemia and median fasting plasma glucose.
| Characteristics | All | diabetes/stress hyperglycemia |
Median fasting glucose (mmol/l) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | p | <5.6 | 5.6–6.9 | ≥7 | p | Missing | ||
| N | 118 | 51 | 90 | 37 | 42 | ||||
| Outcomes | |||||||||
| Median time from symptoms to admission | 6 (1−11) | 7 (1–12.5) | 5 (1–8) | 0.330 | 7 (0.75–12.2) | 7 (1–12.5) | 5 (1.7–7.5) | 0.770 | 0 |
| Median follow up, days (95%CI) | 222 (211−232) | 220 (209–230) | 231 (214–247) | 0.690 | 213 (192–-------------------------------------------------------- -------++++++233) | 231 (217–244) | 231 (215–246) | 0.620 | 0 |
| Hospital stay, days | 17 (8–31) | 14.5 (7–30) | 21 (12–35) | 0.040 | 13.5 (7–27.7) | 21 (8–30) | 22.5 (12.7–35.5) | 0.080 | 0 |
| Non-invasive ventilation | 61 (36.1) | 33 (28) | 28 (54.9) | 0.002 | 18 (20) | 20 (54.1) | 23 (54.8) | <0.001 | 0 |
| Invasive ventilation (ICU) | 23 (13.6) | 11 (9.3) | 12 (23.5) | 0.025 | 5 (5.6) | 7 (18.9) | 11 (26.2) | 0.003 | 0 |
| Death | 35 (20.7) | 15 (12.7) | 20 (39.2) | <0.001 | 9 (10) | 7 (18.9) | 19 (45.2) | <0.001 | 0 |
| Adverse outcome (death and/or Invasive ventilation) | 50 (29.6) | 24 (20.3) | 26 (51) | <0.001 | 13 (14.4) | 12 (32.4) | 25 (59.5) | <0.001 | 0 |
| Hospital treatmenta [N (%)] | |||||||||
| Antibiotic treatment | 114 (67.5) | 73 (61.9) | 41 (80.4) | 0.020 | 57 (63.3) | 23 (62.2) | 34 (81) | 0.098 | 0 |
| Hydroxychloroquine | 109 (64.5) | 78 (66.1) | 31 (60.8) | 0.600 | 56 (62.2) | 28 (75.7) | 25 (59.5) | 0.260 | 0 |
| Antiviral treatment | 56 (33.1) | 39 (33.1) | 17 (33.3) | 0.990 | 25 (27.8) | 17 (45.9) | 14 (33.3) | 0.140 | 0 |
| Steroids | 32 (19) | 23 (19.5) | 9 (18) | 0.990 | 18 (20) | 5 (13.5) | 9 (22) | 0.600 | 0 |
| Biologics | 27 (16) | 17 (14.4) | 10 (19.6) | 0.490 | 11 (12.2) | 6 (16.2) | 10 (23.8) | 0.250 | 0 |
| Oxygen | 115 (68) | 72 (61) | 43 (84.3) | 0.004 | 49 (54.4) | 29 (78.4) | 37 (88.1) | <0.001 | |
| Laboratory parameters | |||||||||
| Random fasting glycaemia (mmol/l) | |||||||||
|
97 (85–125) | 89 (81–100) | 147 (132–192) | <0.001 | 86 (80–94) | 111 (104–116) | 159.5 (139–197) | <0.001 | 0 |
|
116 (96–173) | 106 (91–122) | 209 (152–265) | <0.001 | 97.5 (87–113) | 128 (114–153) | 227 (187–282) | <0.001 | 0 |
|
81 (70–97) | 78.5 (68–88) | 108 (82–139) | <0.001 | 75 (675–82) | 90 (81–103) | 120 (88–150) | <0.001 | 0 |
|
16 (9–30) | 13 (7–18) | 46 (25–57) | <0.001 | 11 (6–16) | 20 (13–29) | 49 (32–72) | <0.001 | 0 |
|
3 (2–8) | 3 (2–7) | 3 (2–8) | 0.870 | 4 (2–8) | 3 (2–6) | 3 (2–8) | 0.810 | 0 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 43 (37.5–51) | 42.5 (35.7–44) | 51 (40.5–55.5) | 0.031 | 42.5 (34.7–44) | 38 (36–51) | 51 (41–56.2) | 0.017 | 130 |
| PaO2/FiO2 | 280 (200–368) | 300 (196–395) | 258 (204–349) | 0.250 | 305 (198–400) | 269 (195–363) | 258 (199–349) | 0.320 | 22 |
|
80 (54.4) | 52 (51) | 28 (62.2) | 0.220 | 37 (48.7) | 20 (58.8) | 23 (62.2) | 0.340 | 22 |
|
39 (26.5) | 30 (29.4) | 9 (20) | 0.310 | 21 (27.6) | 10 (29.4) | 8 (21.6) | 0.720 | 22 |
| Haemoglobin (g/L) | 128.5 (114–144) | 130 (114–146.2) | 126 (114–144) | 0.720 | 129.5 (113.7–144) | 126 (116–149.5) | 131 (114–144) | 0.900 | 1 |
| Lymphocytes (x109/L) | 1 (0.75–1.5) | 1.1 (0.8–1.55) | 1 (0.52–1.37) | 0.150 | 1.1 (0.7–1.6) | 1.1 (0.8–1.6) | 1 (0.8–1.6) | 0.034 | 4 |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 84.4 (65.4–111.4) | 82.2 (65.4–106.1) | 96.4 (65.4–152) | 0.039 | 77.8 (66.3–101.7) | 91.9 (72.5–109.6) | 97.2 (68–152.9) | 0.018 | 1 |
| Urea (mmol/L) | 13.9 (8.9–22.2) | 11.9 (8.66–19.6) | 18.6 (10.5–33.8) | 0.004 | 11 (8.6–17.8) | 16.4 (8.9–22.8) | 20 (11.4–40.3) | 0.001 | 3 |
| AST (μkat/L) | 0.68 (0.38–1.06) | 0.6 (0.43–0.91) | 0.82 (0.64–1.35) | 0.035 | 0.58 (0.42–1.07) | 0.83 (0.42–1.07) | 0.87 (0.6–1.39) | 0.005 | 10 |
| ALT (μkat/L) | 0.59 (0.35–0.89) | 0.57 (0.33–0.83) | 0.73 (0.45–0.97) | 0.077 | 0.57 (0.3–0.83) | 0.55 (0.40–0.85) | 0.75 (0.5–0.99) | 0.087 | 1 |
| GGT (μkat/L) | 1.14 (0.38–1.32) | 0.68 (0.33–1.25) | 0.83 (0.53–1.61) | 0.094 | 0.65 (0.32–1.17) | 0.92 (0.4–2.1) | 0.83 (0.5–1.25) | 0.210 | 23 |
| LDH (μkat/L) | 5.24 (3.91–7.95) | 5.04 (3.82–8.8) | 6.65 (4.33–8.8) | 0.006 | 0.83 (0.5–1.35) | 4.68 (3.64–6.93) | 5.63 (4.29–9.1) | 0.001 | 5 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 29.2 (24.5–33.37) | 29.2 (24.3–34.6) | 29.1 (25.9–31.1) | 0.630 | 30.7 (246–34.9) | 28.3 (24.3–34.6) | 27.2 (24.6–30.3) | 0.320 | 49 |
| Pro-BNP (ng/L) | 317 (5 (69.5–1573) | 193 (59–910) | 738 (193–2238) | 0.011 | 205 (55–733) | 232 (107–1788) | 826 (174–2306) | 0.035 | 45 |
| Troponin T (μg/L) | 15.7 (7.2–44.5) | 12.7 (6–42.6) | 19.5 (11.4–61.55) | 0.078 | 11.6 (5.4–35.3) | 20.6 (9.6–58.22) | 19.5 (9.9–67.45) | 0.038 | 36 |
AST aspartate transaminase; ALT alanine transaminase; LDH lactate dehydrogenase; pro-BNP precursor of the brain natriuretic peptide.
a
Antibiotic treatment: azithromycin, doxycycline, amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, erythromycin, clarithromycin, ceftriaxone, ampicillin, gentamicin, benzylpenicillin, piperacillin/tazobactam, ceftriaxone, eftazidime/cefepime, vancomycin, meropenem, ampicillin, ceftriaxone/cefotaxime, cefuroxime, levofloxacin; antiviral treatment: lopinavir/ritonavir, remdesivir; steroids: dexamethasone, prednisone, methylprednisolone, or hydrocortisone; bilogics: tocilizumab, sarilumab, anakinra, eculizumab.