FIGURE 1.

Experimental design. A, Male C57BL/6J mice were divided into a control group (n = 8) and an IMM group (n = 22), and the IMM group was subjected to 1 h of IMM stress. Subsequently, tail blood, heart blood, and prefrontal cortex of all mice were collected. B, Male C57BL/6J mice were divided into a control group (n = 8) and an SD group (n = 22), and the SD group was subjected to social defeat stress for 10 days. Subsequently, OFT, SIT, and FST were performed on all mice. Then, after a rest day, the SD group was subjected to IMM stress the next day, and the tail blood, heart blood, and prefrontal cortex of all the mice were collected. C, Male C57BL/6J mice were divided into a baseline group (n = 10), a control group (n = 7), and an IMM group (n = 14), and heart blood was first collected from the baseline group. Subsequently, the IMM group was subjected to restraint stress for 1 h, and then, heart blood was collected from the control and IMM groups. IMM, immobilization stress; BHB, beta‐hydroxybutyrate; OFT, open field test; SIT, social interaction test; FST, forced swim test