Table 1.

Recommendations to improve health of migrant workers

	Host countries	Industries and sports organisations	Countries sending migrants	Researchers	Media	Civil society	International organisations
Health system: prevention, healthcare, public health, occupational health	Ensure universal health coverage, including financial risk protection and inclusive public health policies for all migrant construction workers. Reduce or mitigate specific health risks related to big sporting events	Ensure access to affordable healthcare for employees, including prevention, healthcare, screening, vaccination, etc. Provisions must be made to ensure paid sick leave. Effective data collection to monitor injuries, deaths, mental health, infections, vaccination, and other health needs of migrant construction workers and returnees. Financial support and compensation mechanisms for returnees if suffering from occupational ill health or injury. Mitigate specific health risks related to big sporting events	Consider particular health risks of migrant construction workers (pre-departure and on return). Ensure ethical pre-departure screening and follow-up (including effective treatment). Healthcare support for returning migrant workers with injury or illness	Analyse and demand use of existing health data. Analyse disaggregated data (eg by health issues, type of migrant group, sex). Document practices	Report on the heath of migrant construction workers before, during, and after big sporting events. Document changes in policy and practice	Advocate the right to health of migrant construction workers, through reporting and advocacy	Promote mainstreaming of migrant construction workers in health systems and public health policies, nationally and globally. Collaborate with existing institutions to promote sustainable changes
Social determinants of health: working, living, and social conditions	Safe working conditions in public sector and across departments and policies Ensure and enforce labour standards (ILO) in the public sector and private industries. Ethical recruitment (expectations and rules for labour brokers and recruitment agencies)	International sports organisations to demand and ensure host countries meet International Labour Organization (ILO)/other minimum standards, including in bidding processes to host big sporting events. Ensure safe working conditions in industries to prevent occupational risks and promote health. Improve social and living conditions in labour compounds—eg tackling overcrowding, access to sanitation facilities. Ethical recruitment: demonstrate best practice and adhere to rules (including big sporting organisations, recruitment agencies, etc)	Inform migrants about working, living, and social conditions in the construction sector in other countries. Ensure and enforce ethical recruitment processes pre-departure	Analyse and connect data linking health and social, occupational, and structural determinants of health	Report on the health and working, living and social conditions. Document changes in policy and practice	Advocate for fair working, living, and social conditions. Report on unfair conditions	Promote mainstreaming of the needs and rights of migrant construction workers across sectors and levels. Collaborate with existing institutions to promote sustainable legal, policy, and implementation changes
Accountability	Advance legislation to ensure the right to health. Hold health systems, other sectors and industries to account in promoting the health of workers	Demand changes to public policies and adhere to policies (when relevant). Influence norms and standards by supporting best practices. Hold host countries accountable to protect the health of migrant construction workers	Demand changes to public policy and adhere to policies in dialogue with host country and industries. Support and empower migrants to uphold their rights	Hold host countries and industries responsible	Report to hold countries, industries, and other actors responsible. Document best practices and/or breaches of international law and national standards	Demand action by all stakeholders, in particular in host countries and industries	Support countries and industries in their agendas to ensure the health of migrant construction workers. Demand changes in unacceptable policies or practices